{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T22:19:09Z","timestamp":1790115549997,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":131,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]],"date-time":"2024-04-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714176000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002597","name":"Kyung Hee University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["KHU-20220780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KHU-20220780"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100002597","name":"Kyung Hee University","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["RS-2023-00251578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00251578"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100002597","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["KHU-20220780"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["KHU-20220780"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["RS-2023-00251578"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00251578"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>A pterygium is a common conjunctival degeneration and inflammatory condition. It grows onto the corneal surface or limbus, causing blurred vision and cosmetic issues. Ultraviolet is a well-known risk factor for the development of a pterygium, although its pathogenesis remains unclear, with only limited understanding of its hereditary basis. In this study, we collected RNA-seq from both pterygial tissues and conjunctival tissues (as controls) from six patients (a total of twelve biological samples) and retrieved publicly available data, including eight pterygium samples and eight controls. We investigated the intrinsic gene regulatory mechanisms closely linked to the inflammatory reactions of pterygiums and compared Asian (Korea) and the European (Germany) pterygiums using multiple analysis approaches from different perspectives. The increased expression of antioxidant genes in response to oxidative stress and DNA damage implies an association between these factors and pterygium development. Also, our comparative analysis revealed both similarities and differences between Asian and European pterygiums. The decrease in gene expressions involved in the three primary inflammatory signaling pathways\u2014JAK\/STAT, MAPK, and NF-kappa B signaling\u2014suggests a connection between pathway dysfunction and pterygium development. We also observed relatively higher activity of autophagy and antioxidants in the Asian group, while the European group exhibited more pronounced stress responses against oxidative stress. These differences could potentially be necessitated by energy-associated pathways, specifically oxidative phosphorylation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094789","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,2]],"date-time":"2024-05-02T08:42:57Z","timestamp":1714639377000},"page":"4789","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Multi-System-Level Analysis with RNA-Seq on Pterygium Inflammation Discovers Association between Inflammatory Responses, Oxidative Stress, and Oxidative Phosphorylation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Ye-Ah","family":"Kim","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yueun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tae Gi","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jisu","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sanghyeon","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taeyoon","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kisung","family":"Sheen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Science and Technology, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 02453, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yoonsung","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Taesoo","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yong Hwan","family":"Park","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Microbiology, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 16499, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5433-3706","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min Seok","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Kyung Hee University Hospital, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 02447, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1507-9829","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Man S.","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Translational-Transdisciplinary Research Center, Clinical Research Institute, Kyung Hee University Hospital at Gangdong, Kyung Hee University College of Medicine, Seoul 05278, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/S1542-0124(12)70103-9","article-title":"The pathogenesis of pterygium: Current concepts and their therapeutic implications","volume":"6","author":"Chui","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ocul. 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