{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,13]],"date-time":"2026-10-13T19:35:43Z","timestamp":1791920143245,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":88,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS275"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS275"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100010621","name":"Medical University of Lublin","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["DS640"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["DS640"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100010621","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The most common manifestation of endometriosis, a condition characterized by the presence of endometrial-like tissue outside of the uterus, is the endometrioma, a cystic ovarian lesion. It is a commonly occurring condition associated with chronic pelvic pain exacerbated prior to and during menstruation, as well as infertility. The exact pathomechanisms of the endometrioma are still not fully understood. Emerging evidence suggests a pivotal role of immune dysregulation in the pathogenesis of endometriomas, primarily influencing both local and systemic inflammatory processes. Among the factors implicated in the creation of the inflammatory milieu associated with endometriomas, alterations in both serum and local levels of several cytokines stand out, including IL-6, IL-8, and IL-1\u03b2, along with abnormalities in the innate immune system. While numerous signaling pathways have been suggested to play a role in the inflammatory process linked to endometriomas, only NF-\u03baB has been conclusively demonstrated to be involved. Additionally, increased oxidative stress, both resulting from and contributing to endometriomas, has been identified as a primary driver of both systemic and local inflammation associated with the condition. This article reviews the current understanding of immune dysfunctions in the endometrioma and their implications for inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094802","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T08:02:22Z","timestamp":1714723342000},"page":"4802","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Immune Dysregulation in Endometriomas: Implications for Inflammation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Izabela","family":"Dymanowska-Dyjak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Gynecology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Barbara","family":"Terpi\u0142owska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gynecological Oncology and Gynecology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9462-8779","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Izabela","family":"Morawska-Michalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9598-373X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Adam","family":"Michalski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4436-2893","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Polak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Independent Laboratory of Minimally Invasive Gynecology and Gynecological Endocrinology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Terpi\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Vascular Surgery and Angiology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-081 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mansur","family":"Rahnama-Hezavah","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chair and Department of Oral Surgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0451-4741","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ewelina","family":"Grywalska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Experimental Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-093 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"879015","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.879015","article-title":"New Insights in Pathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"9","author":"Signorile","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Smolarz, B., Szy\u0142\u0142o, K., and Romanowicz, H. (2021). Endometriosis: Epidemiology, Classification, Pathogenesis, Treatment and Genetics (Review of Literature). Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms221910554"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"839","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(21)00389-5","article-title":"Endometriosis Is a Chronic Systemic Disease: Clinical Challenges and Novel Innovations","volume":"397","author":"Taylor","year":"2021","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. Engl."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.21873\/invivo.12776","article-title":"Endometriosis: A Retrospective Analysis of Clinical Data from a Cohort of 4,083 Patients, With Focus on Symptoms","volume":"36","author":"Signorile","year":"2022","journal-title":"In Vivo"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-019-0582-5","article-title":"Ovarian Endometrioma\u2014A Possible Finding in Adolescent Girls and Young Women: A Mini-Review","volume":"12","author":"Lewkowicz","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Muzii, L., Galati, G., Mattei, G., Chin\u00e8, A., Perniola, G., Di Donato, V., Di Tucci, C., and Palaia, I. (2023). Expectant, Medical, and Surgical Management of Ovarian Endometriomas. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12051858"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"422","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(15)30003-X","article-title":"Peritoneal Endometriosis Due to the Menstrual Dissemination of Endometrial Tissue into the Peritoneal Cavity","volume":"14","author":"Sampson","year":"1927","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lamceva, J., Uljanovs, R., and Strumfa, I. (2023). The Main Theories on the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24054254"},{"key":"ref_9","first-page":"2083121","article-title":"Endometriosis in a Man as a Rare Source of Abdominal Pain: A Case Report and Review of the Literature","volume":"2018","author":"Rei","year":"2018","journal-title":"Case Rep. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"470","DOI":"10.1016\/S0002-9378(42)90484-8","article-title":"Origin of Endometriosis from the Mesenchyme of the Celomic Walls","volume":"44","author":"Gruenwald","year":"1942","journal-title":"Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2010.03.008","article-title":"Endometriosis: New Concepts in the Pathogenesis","volume":"42","author":"Signorile","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Maruyama, T. (2022). A Revised Stem Cell Theory for the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis. J. Pers. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm12020216"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-pathmechdis-012419-032654","article-title":"The Origin and Pathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Pathol. Mech. Dis."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kapoor, R., Stratopoulou, C.A., and Dolmans, M.-M. (2021). Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: New Insights into Prospective Therapies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222111700"},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(00)01752-0","article-title":"Interleukin 1\u03b2, Interleukin-6, and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 in Endometriotic Tissue and in Endometrium","volume":"75","author":"Bergqvist","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"300","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(03)00609-5","article-title":"Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment Reduced Serum Interleukin-6 Concentrations in Patients with Ovarian Endometriomas","volume":"80","author":"Iwabe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1681","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deg321","article-title":"Serum and Cyst Fluid Levels of Interleukin (IL) -6, IL-8 and Tumour Necrosis Factor-alpha in Women with Endometriomas and Benign and Malignant Cystic Ovarian Tumours","volume":"18","author":"Detchev","year":"2003","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2012.06.001","article-title":"Ovarian Endometrioma but Not Deep Infiltrating Endometriosis Is Associated with Increased Serum Levels of Interleukin-8 and Interleukin-6","volume":"95","author":"Carmona","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.5114\/ceji.2013.39768","article-title":"Serum Cytokine and Growth Factor Levels in Patients with Endometriosis","volume":"4","author":"Kubatova","year":"2013","journal-title":"Cent. Eur. J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"399","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rbmo.2019.12.005","article-title":"Endometrioma, the Follicular Fluid Inflammatory Network and Its Association with Oocyte and Embryo Characteristics","volume":"40","author":"Yland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Biomed. Online"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2176","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/deu172","article-title":"An Increased Level of IL-6 Suppresses NK Cell Activity in Peritoneal Fluid of Patients with Endometriosis via Regulation of SHP-2 Expression","volume":"29","author":"Kang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.humrep.a019353","article-title":"Human Endometrial Stromal Cells as a Source of Soluble Intercellular Adhesion Molecule (ICAM)-l Molecules","volume":"11","author":"Somigliana","year":"1996","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1006\/cimm.1994.1208","article-title":"CD54\/ICAM-1 Is a Costimulator of NK Cell-Mediated Cytotoxicity","volume":"157","author":"Chong","year":"1994","journal-title":"Cell. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.5301\/jsrd.5000265","article-title":"Interleukin-6 as a Multifunctional Regulator: Inflammation, Immune Response, and Fibrosis","volume":"2","author":"Choy","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Scleroderma Relat. Disord."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S3","DOI":"10.1186\/ar1917","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and Chronic Inflammation","volume":"8","author":"Gabay","year":"2006","journal-title":"Arthritis Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(01)01816-7","article-title":"Role of Cytokines in Endometriosis","volume":"76","author":"Harada","year":"2001","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2009.00734.x","article-title":"Serum IL-6 Level May Have Role in the Pathophysiology of Unexplained Infertility","volume":"62","author":"Demir","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Viloti\u0107, A., Nacka-Aleksi\u0107, M., Pirkovi\u0107, A., Boji\u0107-Trbojevi\u0107, \u017d., Dekanski, D., and Jovanovi\u0107 Krivoku\u0107a, M. (2022). IL-6 and IL-8: An Overview of Their Roles in Healthy and Pathological Pregnancies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232314574"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2007.07.1355","article-title":"Serum Interleukin-8 Levels Are Elevated in Patients with Ovarian Endometrioma","volume":"90","author":"Ohata","year":"2008","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1186\/s12964-017-0172-3","article-title":"Senescence-Associated IL-6 and IL-8 Cytokines Induce a Self- and Cross-Reinforced Senescence\/Inflammatory Milieu Strengthening Tumorigenic Capabilities in the MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell Line","volume":"15","author":"Vernot","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cell Commun. Signal."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/6.1.50","article-title":"High Concentrations of the Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Interleukin-8 in Ovarian Endometriomata","volume":"6","author":"Fasciani","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.07.1117","article-title":"Interleukin-17A Is Present in Neutrophils in Endometrioma and Stimulates the Secretion of Growth-Regulated Oncogene-\u03b1 (Gro-\u03b1) from Endometrioma Stromal Cells","volume":"98","author":"Takamura","year":"2012","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1528","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2003.11.035","article-title":"Immunohistochemical Analysis of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Cellular Expression in Ovarian Endometriomata","volume":"81","author":"Goteri","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_34","first-page":"824","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Promotes Proliferation of Endometriotic Stromal Cells by Inducing Interleukin-8 Gene and Protein Expression","volume":"85","author":"Iwabe","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"730","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2002-020666","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1-Induced Interleukin-8 (IL-8) Expression in Endometriotic Stromal Cells, Probably through Nuclear Factor-\u03baB Activation: Gonadotropin-Releasing Hormone Agonist Treatment Reduced IL-8 Expression","volume":"88","author":"Sakamoto","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2009.11.004","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and Other Soluble Factors in Peritoneal Fluid and Endometriomas and Their Relation to Pain and Aromatase Expression","volume":"84","author":"Velasco","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/3.5.393","article-title":"The Pattern of Cytokine mRNA Expression in Ovarian Endometriomata","volume":"3","author":"Odukoya","year":"1997","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.006","article-title":"Activin-A Is Induced by Interleukin-1\u03b2 and Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 and Enhances the mRNA Expression of Interleukin-6 and Protease-Activated Receptor-2 and Proliferation of Stromal Cells from Endometrioma","volume":"96","author":"Yoshino","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12282","article-title":"IL-1\u03b2 Increases Expression of Tryptophan 2,3-Dioxygenase and Stimulates Tryptophan Catabolism in Endometrioma Stromal Cells","volume":"72","author":"Urata","year":"2014","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3028","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/des291","article-title":"Interleukin-1\u03b2 Stimulates the Secretion of Thymic Stromal Lymphopoietin (TSLP) from Endometrioma Stromal Cells: Possible Involvement of TSLP in Endometriosis","volume":"27","author":"Urata","year":"2012","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"508","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2011.05.082","article-title":"Up-Regulation of P21-Activated Kinase 1 by in Vitro Treatment with Interleukin 1-Beta and Its Increased Expression in Ovarian Endometriotic Cysts","volume":"96","author":"Lee","year":"2011","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"675","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719112463253","article-title":"Follistatin Is Induced by IL-1\u03b2 and TNF-\u03b1 in Stromal Cells from Endometrioma","volume":"20","author":"Akiyama","year":"2013","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2012.08.055","article-title":"Interleukin-19 and Interleukin-22 Serum Levels Are Decreased in Patients with Ovarian Endometrioma","volume":"99","author":"Santulli","year":"2013","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C457","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00247.2020","article-title":"Resolution of Inflammation in Immune and Nonimmune Cells by Interleukin-19","volume":"319","author":"Leigh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Cell Physiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"345","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cytogfr.2010.08.005","article-title":"Interleukin-19: Multiple Roles in Immune Regulation and Disease","volume":"21","author":"Gallagher","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cytokine Growth Factor Rev."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"747","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-immunol-032414-112123","article-title":"Interleukin-22: Immunobiology and Pathology","volume":"33","author":"Dudakov","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"289","DOI":"10.1038\/s41577-022-00792-3","article-title":"Death by TNF: A Road to Inflammation","volume":"23","author":"Bertrand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.02.134","article-title":"Tumor Necrosis Factor-\u03b1 Induced the Release of Interleukin-6 from Endometriotic Stromal Cells by the Nuclear Factor-\u03baB and Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinase Pathways","volume":"82","author":"Yamauchi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"gaab002","DOI":"10.1093\/molehr\/gaab002","article-title":"Nuclear Factor-Kappa B Signaling in Endometriotic Stromal Cells Is Not Inhibited by Progesterone Owing to an Aberrant Endoplasmic Reticulum Stress Response: A Possible Role for an Altered Inflammatory Process in Endometriosis","volume":"27","author":"Choi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Hum. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"517","DOI":"10.1055\/a-0829-3873","article-title":"Endometrial Flushing Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha and Interleukin 2 Levels in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Leiomyoma and Endometrioma: Comparison with Healthy Controls","volume":"79","author":"Demir","year":"2019","journal-title":"Geburtshilfe Frauenheilkd."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"463","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2008.071044","article-title":"Interleukin-4 Stimulates Proliferation of Endometriotic Stromal Cells","volume":"173","author":"OuYang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101476","DOI":"10.1016\/j.xcrm.2024.101476","article-title":"Pyroptotic T Cell-Derived Active IL-16 Has a Driving Function in Ovarian Endometriosis Development","volume":"5","author":"Zhang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Cell Rep. Med."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.acthis.2008.04.005","article-title":"Heterogeneous Appearance of VEGF (Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor) Immunopositivity in Cyst Capsules of Endometrioma","volume":"111","author":"Tuncay","year":"2009","journal-title":"Acta Histochem."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"482","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI118815","article-title":"Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor Is Produced by Peritoneal Fluid Macrophages in Endometriosis and Is Regulated by Ovarian Steroids","volume":"98","author":"McLaren","year":"1996","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1655","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI17712","article-title":"Proinflammatory Functions of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor in Alloimmunity","volume":"112","author":"Reinders","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"780","DOI":"10.5603\/GP.a2022.0096","article-title":"Microvesicles Released from Ectopic Endometrial Foci as a Potential Biomarker of Endometriosis","volume":"94","author":"Kajdos","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ginekol. Pol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(02)03187-4","article-title":"Expression of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Thrombospondin-1 mRNA in Patients with Endometriosis","volume":"78","author":"Tan","year":"2002","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2008.0027","article-title":"Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1): An Overview","volume":"29","author":"Deshmane","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107598","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2021.107598","article-title":"MCP-1: Function, Regulation, and Involvement in Disease","volume":"101","author":"Singh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1095\/biolreprod61.2.548","article-title":"Regulation of Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Expression in Human Endometrial Stromal Cells by Integrin-Dependent Cell Adhesion1","volume":"61","author":"Seli","year":"1999","journal-title":"Biol. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1065","DOI":"10.1016\/S0015-0282(97)81440-9","article-title":"Monocyte Chemotactic Protein-1 Concentration in Peritoneal Fluid of Women with Endometriosis and Its Modulation of Expression in Mesothelial Cells","volume":"67","author":"Arici","year":"1997","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_62","first-page":"361","article-title":"Endometriotic Cyst Fluid Induces Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) in Human Immortalized Epithelial Cells Derived from Ovarian Endometrioma","volume":"22","author":"Kobayashi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Redox Rep. Commun. Free Radic. Res."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"263","DOI":"10.3109\/19396368.2015.1037025","article-title":"Follicular Fluid Alterations in Endometriosis: Label-Free Proteomics by MSE as a Functional Tool for Endometriosis","volume":"61","author":"Regiani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Syst. Biol. Reprod. Med."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2905","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2010.06.038","article-title":"More than Antioxidant: N-Acetyl-L-Cysteine in a Murine Model of Endometriosis","volume":"94","author":"Pittaluga","year":"2010","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e240702","DOI":"10.1155\/2013\/240702","article-title":"A Promise in the Treatment of Endometriosis: An Observational Cohort Study on Ovarian Endometrioma Reduction by N-Acetylcysteine","volume":"2013","author":"Porpora","year":"2013","journal-title":"Evid. Based Complement. Alternat. Med."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1007\/s00404-015-3834-7","article-title":"Measurement of Oxidative Stress in the Follicular Fluid of Infertility Patients with an Endometrioma","volume":"293","author":"Nakagawa","year":"2016","journal-title":"Arch. Gynecol. Obstet."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"hoad033","DOI":"10.1093\/hropen\/hoad033","article-title":"The Role of Iron in the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis: A Systematic Review","volume":"2023","author":"Wyatt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Open"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"873","DOI":"10.1177\/1933719115570907","article-title":"Dating Endometriotic Ovarian Cysts Based on the Content of Cyst Fluid and Its Potential Clinical Implications","volume":"22","author":"Guo","year":"2015","journal-title":"Reprod. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1038\/nchembio.1416","article-title":"The Role of Iron and Reactive Oxygen Species in Cell Death","volume":"10","author":"Dixon","year":"2014","journal-title":"Nat. Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1038\/s41420-022-00821-z","article-title":"Endometrial Stromal Cell Ferroptosis Promotes Angiogenesis in Endometriosis","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Death Discov."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.1186\/s12943-022-01530-y","article-title":"Ferroptosis in Cancer Therapy: A Novel Approach to Reversing Drug Resistance","volume":"21","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1095366","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1095366","article-title":"Ferroptosis as a Therapeutic Target for Inflammation-Related Intestinal Diseases","volume":"14","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16716","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16686-7","article-title":"Estrogen Receptor 1 (ESR1) Regulates VEGFA in Adipose Tissue","volume":"7","author":"Fatima","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_74","first-page":"908468","article-title":"Recent Advances in Underlying Pathologies Provide Insight into Interleukin-8 Expression-Mediated Inflammation and Angiogenesis","volume":"2011","author":"Qazi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Int. J. Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nagayasu, M., Imanaka, S., Kimura, M., Maruyama, S., Kawahara, N., and Kobayashi, H. (2020). Effect of the Cyst Fluid Concentration of Iron on Infertility in Patients with Ovarian Endometrioma. World Acad. Sci. J., 2.","DOI":"10.3892\/wasj.2020.66"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jri.2021.103292","article-title":"Inflammation Related to High-Mobility Group Box-1 in Endometrial Ovarian Cyst","volume":"145","author":"Ikeda","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13812","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13812","article-title":"Downregulation of Pattern Recognition Receptors on Macrophages Involved in Aggravation of Endometriosis","volume":"91","author":"Shiraishi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiao, F., Liu, X., and Guo, S.-W. (2022). Interleukin-33 Derived from Endometriotic Lesions Promotes Fibrogenesis through Inducing the Production of Profibrotic Cytokines by Regulatory T Cells. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10112893"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13502","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.13502","article-title":"Reduced Innate Lymphoid Cells in the Endometrium of Women with Endometriosis","volume":"87","author":"Sugahara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44","DOI":"10.1186\/s13048-020-00642-7","article-title":"Ovarian Endometrioma Infiltrating Neutrophils Orchestrate Immunosuppressive Microenvironment","volume":"13","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Ovarian Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"497","DOI":"10.1111\/aji.12161","article-title":"Increased Nuclear Expression of Nuclear Factor Kappa-B P65 Subunit in the Eutopic Endometrium and Ovarian Endometrioma of Women with Advanced Stage Endometriosis","volume":"70","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fertnstert.2004.04.038","article-title":"Lipopolysaccharide-Promoted Proliferation of Endometriotic Stromal Cells via Induction of Tumor Necrosis Factor \u03b1 and Interleukin-8 Expression","volume":"82","author":"Iba","year":"2004","journal-title":"Fertil. Steril."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0897.2004.00171.x","article-title":"The Differential Expression of Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and Regulation by Interferon-Gamma during the Pathogenesis of Endometriosis","volume":"51","author":"Wu","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Reprod. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"716","DOI":"10.1080\/09513590.2017.1318276","article-title":"Endometrial Flushing \u03b1V\u03b23 Integrin, Glycodelin and PGF2\u03b1 Levels for Evaluating Endometrial Receptivity in Women with Polycystic Ovary Syndrome, Myoma Uteri and Endometrioma","volume":"33","author":"Demir","year":"2017","journal-title":"Gynecol. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2001-0026","article-title":"Glycodelin: A Major Lipocalin Protein of the Reproductive Axis with Diverse Actions in Cell Recognition and Differentiation","volume":"23","author":"Taylor","year":"2002","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_86","first-page":"143","article-title":"Glycodelin: A Molecule with Multi-Functions on Spermatozoa","volume":"63","author":"Yeung","year":"2007","journal-title":"Soc. Reprod. Fertil. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"311822","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2017.01685","article-title":"The Roles of Glycodelin in Cancer Development and Progression","volume":"8","author":"Cui","year":"2017","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2742","DOI":"10.1093\/humrep\/17.10.2742","article-title":"Glycodelin Levels in Uterine Flushings and in Plasma of Patients with Leiomyomas and Polyps: Implications for Implantation","volume":"17","author":"Richlin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Hum. Reprod. Oxf. Engl."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/9\/4802\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:35:00Z","timestamp":1760106900000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/9\/4802"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"references-count":88,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25094802"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25094802","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]}}}