{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T16:18:30Z","timestamp":1791389910849,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":238,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]],"date-time":"2024-04-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714262400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Correct nutrition and diet are directly correlated with mental health, functions of the immune system, and gut microbiota composition. Diets with a high content of some nutrients, such as fibers, phytochemicals, and short-chain fatty acids (omega-3 fatty acids), seem to have an anti-inflammatory and protective action on the nervous system. Among nutraceuticals, supplementation of probiotics and omega-3 fatty acids plays a role in improving symptoms of several mental disorders. In this review, we collect data on the efficacy of nutraceuticals in patients with schizophrenia, autism spectrum disorders, major depression, bipolar disorder, and personality disorders. This narrative review aims to provide an overview of recent evidence obtained on this topic, pointing out the direction for future research.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094824","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1714534249000},"page":"4824","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":25,"title":["Nutraceuticals in Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Paola","family":"Bozzatello","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Roberta","family":"Novelli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1585-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiana","family":"Montemagni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6414-3559","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola","family":"Rocca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6555-8000","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Silvio","family":"Bellino","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neuroscience, University of Turin, Via Cherasco 15, 10126 Turin, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"323","DOI":"10.1177\/0115426506021004323","article-title":"Current Clinical Applications of \u03a9-6 and \u03a9-3 Fatty Acids","volume":"21","author":"Lee","year":"2006","journal-title":"Nutr. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.3390\/nu2020128","article-title":"Oiling the Brain: A Review of Randomized Controlled Trials of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychopathology across the Lifespan","volume":"2","author":"Sinn","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nutrients"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"pyv130","article-title":"The Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid (DHA) Reverses Corticosterone-Induced Changes in Cortical Neurons","volume":"19","author":"Pusceddu","year":"2016","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2017.09.001","article-title":"Health Relevance of the Modification of Low Grade Inflammation in Ageing (Inflammageing) and the Role of Nutrition","volume":"40","author":"Calder","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqab049","article-title":"Maternal Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids during Pregnancy and Offspring Brain Development in Childhood","volume":"114","author":"Zou","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_6","first-page":"451812","article-title":"Clinical Advances in Immunonutrition and Atherosclerosis: A Review","volume":"10","author":"Lapuente","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2088","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/129.11.2088","article-title":"Docosahexaenoic and Arachidonic Acid Prevent a Decrease in Dopaminergic and Serotoninergic Neurotransmitters in Frontal Cortex Caused by a Linoleic and Alpha-Linolenic Acid Deficient Diet in Formula-Fed Piglets","volume":"129","author":"Innis","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzatello, P., Brignolo, E., De Grandi, E., and Bellino, S. (2016). Supplementation with Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatric Disorders: A Review of Literature Data. J. Clin. Med., 5.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm5080067"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"560S","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/70.3.560s","article-title":"Essential Fatty Acids in Health and Chronic Disease","volume":"70","author":"Simopoulos","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"34","article-title":"N-3 Fatty Acids and the Immune System in Autoimmunity","volume":"4","author":"Ergas","year":"2002","journal-title":"Isr. Med. Assoc. J."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1301","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.15r09925","article-title":"Omega-3 and Omega-6 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder: A Review of Biomarker and Treatment Studies","volume":"77","author":"Saunders","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.12.002","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Psychiatry","volume":"36","author":"Mischoulon","year":"2013","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. N. Am."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Farooq, R.K., Alamoudi, W., Alhibshi, A., Rehman, S., Sharma, A.R., and Abdulla, F.A. (2022). Varied Composition and Underlying Mechanisms of Gut Microbiome in Neuroinflammation. Microorganisms, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/microorganisms10040705"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1365-2982.2010.01664.x","article-title":"The Microbiome-Gut-Brain Axis: From Bowel to Behavior","volume":"23","author":"Cryan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Neurogastroenterol. Motil."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, E., Yun, K.E., Kim, M.-H., Kim, J., Chang, Y., Ryu, S., Kim, H.-L., Kim, H.-N., and Jung, S.-C. (2021). Correlation between Gut Microbiota and Six Facets of Neuroticism in Korean Adults. J. Pers. Med., 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/jpm11121246"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ynstr.2017.03.001","article-title":"Stress & the Gut-Brain Axis: Regulation by the Microbiome","volume":"7","author":"Foster","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurobiol. Stress"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3389\/fnins.2014.00315","article-title":"Inflammasomes in Neuroinflammation and Changes in Brain Function: A Focused Review","volume":"8","author":"Singhal","year":"2014","journal-title":"Front. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.3389\/fncel.2018.00072","article-title":"An Inflammation-Centric View of Neurological Disease: Beyond the Neuron","volume":"12","author":"Skaper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"275","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.186.4.275","article-title":"Essential Fatty Acids and Mental Health","volume":"186","author":"Hallahan","year":"2005","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"452","DOI":"10.1177\/0897190011422876","article-title":"The Use of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mental Illness","volume":"24","author":"Tewksbury","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pract."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"753","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881115587958","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation and Cognition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"29","author":"Cooper","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzatello, P., Rocca, P., Mantelli, E., and Bellino, S. (2019). Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: What Is Their Role in Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders?. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20215257"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzatello, P., Blua, C., Rocca, P., and Bellino, S. (2021). Mental Health in Childhood and Adolescence: The Role of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9080850"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1439","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jamda.2020.02.022","article-title":"Omega-3, Omega-6, and Polyunsaturated Fat for Cognition: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials","volume":"21","author":"Brainard","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Am. Med. Dir. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"39","article-title":"Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Mood Disorders\u2014A Systematic Review and Metaanalysis","volume":"42","author":"Kraguljac","year":"2009","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Agostoni, C., Nobile, M., Ciappolino, V., Delvecchio, G., Tesei, A., Turolo, S., Crippa, A., Mazzocchi, A., Altamura, C.A., and Brambilla, P. (2017). The Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Developmental Psychopathology: A Systematic Review on Early Psychosis, Autism, and ADHD. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 18.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms18122608"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bozzatello, P., De Rosa, M.L., Rocca, P., and Bellino, S. (2020). Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Main Dimensions of Psychopathology. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21176042"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2013.7","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Changes Intracellular Phospholipase A2 Activity and Membrane Fatty Acid Profiles in Individuals at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis","volume":"19","author":"Smesny","year":"2014","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e495","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2014.134","article-title":"Predictors of Treatment Response in Young People at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis Who Received Long-Chain Omega-3 Fatty Acids","volume":"5","author":"Amminger","year":"2015","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2016.2902","article-title":"Effect of \u03c9-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Young People at Ultrahigh Risk for Psychotic Disorders: The NEURAPRO Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"74","author":"McGorry","year":"2017","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2019.08.033","article-title":"Supplementation with the Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: Changes in the Concentrations of Omega-3 Index, Fatty Acids and Molecular Phospholipids of People at Ultra High Risk of Developing Psychosis","volume":"226","author":"Alqarni","year":"2020","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2021.09.018","article-title":"The Association of Plasma Inflammatory Markers with Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Their Mediating Role in Psychotic Symptoms and Functioning: An Analysis of the NEURAPRO Clinical Trial","volume":"99","author":"Susai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2014.06.004","article-title":"A Randomized, Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids plus an Antioxidant for Relapse Prevention after Antipsychotic Discontinuation in First-Episode Schizophrenia","volume":"158","author":"Emsley","year":"2014","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"34","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.11.013","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Study of the Efficacy of Six-Month Supplementation with Concentrated Fish Oil Rich in Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in First Episode Schizophrenia","volume":"73","author":"Trafalska","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2017.05.004","article-title":"Oxidative Stress Reduction Related to the Efficacy of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in First Episode Schizophrenia: Secondary Outcome Analysis of the OFFER Randomized Trial","volume":"121","author":"Trafalska","year":"2017","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot Essent Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2017.12.008","article-title":"Telomerase Level Increase Is Related to N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Efficacy in First Episode Schizophrenia: Secondary Outcome Analysis of the OFFER Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"83","author":"Trafalska","year":"2018","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2811","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-019-05258-4","article-title":"An Increase in Plasma Brain Derived Neurotrophic Factor Levels Is Related to N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Efficacy in First Episode Schizophrenia: Secondary Outcome Analysis of the OFFER Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"236","author":"Trafalska","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"35","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2018.12.018","article-title":"The Vitamins in Psychosis Study: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of the Effects of Vitamins B12, B6, and Folic Acid on Symptoms and Neurocognition in First-Episode Psychosis","volume":"86","author":"Allott","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"478","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyz022","article-title":"N-Acetyl-Cysteine Supplementation Improves Functional Connectivity within the Cingulate Cortex in Early Psychosis: A Pilot Study","volume":"22","author":"Mullier","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.11.050","article-title":"Longitudinal Investigation of the Relationship between Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Neuropsychological Functioning in Recent-Onset Psychosis: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"228","author":"Szeszko","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2021.02.012","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids Reduce Cardiometabolic Risk in First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients Treated with Antipsychotics: Findings from the OFFER Randomized Controlled Study","volume":"230","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2140858","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2021.40858","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Outcomes in People with Early Psychosis: The DFEND Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"4","author":"Gaughran","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111219","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pscychresns.2020.111219","article-title":"A 16-Week Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial Investigating the Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Treatment on White Matter Microstructure in Recent-Onset Psychosis Patients Concurrently Treated with Risperidone","volume":"307","author":"Lyall","year":"2021","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res. Neuroimaging"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/sbac044","article-title":"Probiotics Plus Dietary Fiber Supplements Attenuate Olanzapine-Induced Weight Gain in Drug-Na\u00efve First-Episode Schizophrenia Patients: Two Randomized Clinical Trials","volume":"48","author":"Huang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.5539\/gjhs.v6n7p103","article-title":"Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial of Omega-3 as Supplemental Treatment in Schizophrenia","volume":"6","author":"Jamilian","year":"2014","journal-title":"Glob. J. Health Sci."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000800","article-title":"\u03b1-Lipoic Acid as Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia: An Open-Label Trial","volume":"37","author":"Sanders","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"283","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2017.08.026","article-title":"Effects of Omega-3 in the Treatment of Violent Schizophrenia Patients","volume":"195","author":"Qiao","year":"2018","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.09.006","article-title":"A Potential Role for Adjunctive Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Depression and Anxiety Symptoms in Recent Onset Psychosis: Results from a 16 week Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial for Participants Concurrently Treated with Risperidone","volume":"204","author":"Robinson","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ghaderi, A., Banafshe, H.R., Mirhosseini, N., Moradi, M., Karimi, M.-A., Mehrzad, F., Bahmani, F., and Asemi, Z. (2019). Clinical and Metabolic Response to Vitamin D plus Probiotic in Schizophrenia Patients. BMC Psychiatry, 19.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-019-2059-x"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1273","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-018-5136-9","article-title":"Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Metabolic Syndrome in Patients with Schizophrenia: A 12-Week Randomized Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"236","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"529","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbi.2020.04.034","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids Ameliorate Cognitive Dysfunction in Schizophrenia Patients with Metabolic Syndrome","volume":"88","author":"Tang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav. Immun."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001330","article-title":"No Effect of Coenzyme Q10 on Cognitive Function, Psychological Symptoms, and Health-Related Outcomes in Schizophrenia and Schizoaffective Disorder: Results of a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"41","author":"Maguire","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4430","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-020-02572-3","article-title":"The Effects of Probiotic and Selenium Co-Supplementation on Clinical and Metabolic Scales in Chronic Schizophrenia: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"199","author":"Jamilian","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3525","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-022-06225-2","article-title":"Effect of Add-on Alpha Lipoic Acid on Psychopathology in Patients with Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia: A Pilot Randomized Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial","volume":"239","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sevillano-Jim\u00e9nez, A., Romero-Salda\u00f1a, M., Garc\u00eda-Mellado, J.A., Carrascal-Laso, L., Garc\u00eda-Rodr\u00edguez, M., Molina-Luque, R., and Molina-Recio, G. (2022). Impact of High Prebiotic and Probiotic Dietary Education in the SARS-CoV-2 Era: Improved Cardio-Metabolic Profile in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04426-9"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000001639","article-title":"de S.; Chaves Filho, A.J.M.; Viana, G. de A.; Campos, E. de M.; Collares, M.; de Queiroz, M.G.R.; et al. \u03b1-Lipoic Acid as Adjunctive Treatment for Schizophrenia: A Randomized Double-Blind Study","volume":"43","author":"Frota","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"559","DOI":"10.1177\/00912174231193303","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of Vitamin D Supplementation in Iranian Patients with Schizophrenia: Effects on Serum Levels of Glycogen Synthase Kinase-3\u03b2 and Symptom Severity","volume":"58","author":"Kalejahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Med."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"658","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaac.2014.01.018","article-title":"Internet-Based, Randomized, Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Hyperactivity in Autism","volume":"53","author":"Bent","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Am. Acad. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"715","DOI":"10.1097\/MPG.0000000000000260","article-title":"Dietary Docosahexaenoic Acid Supplementation in Children with Autism","volume":"58","author":"Voigt","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Gastroenterol. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1186\/s13229-015-0010-7","article-title":"A Randomized, Placebo Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Young Children with Autism","volume":"6","author":"Mankad","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Autism"},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"969","DOI":"10.1038\/ejcn.2015.28","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Management of Autism Spectrum Disorders: Findings from an Open-Label Pilot Study in Singapore","volume":"69","author":"Ooi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Eur. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"179","DOI":"10.1016\/j.physbeh.2014.10.033","article-title":"Gastrointestinal Microbiota in Children with Autism in Slovakia","volume":"138","author":"Tomova","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Behav."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2050313X16666231","DOI":"10.1177\/2050313X16666231","article-title":"Unexpected Improvement in Core Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms after Long-Term Treatment with Probiotics","volume":"4","author":"Grossi","year":"2016","journal-title":"SAGE Open Med. Case Rep."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3358","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-017-3249-3","article-title":"Effect of Omega-3 and -6 Supplementation on Language in Preterm Toddlers Exhibiting Autism Spectrum Disorder Symptoms","volume":"47","author":"Sheppard","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kang, D.-W., Adams, J.B., Gregory, A.C., Borody, T., Chittick, L., Fasano, A., Khoruts, A., Geis, E., Maldonado, J., and McDonough-Means, S. (2017). Microbiota Transfer Therapy Alters Gut Ecosystem and Improves Gastrointestinal and Autism Symptoms: An Open-Label Study. Microbiome, 5.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40168-016-0225-7"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.08.426","article-title":"Randomized Trial of Omega-3 for Autism Spectrum Disorders: Effect on Cell Membrane Composition and Behavior","volume":"27","author":"Parellada","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/nxx047","article-title":"\u03c9-3 and \u03c9-6 Fatty Acid Supplementation May Reduce Autism Symptoms Based on Parent Report in Preterm Toddlers","volume":"148","author":"Keim","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2018.10.017","article-title":"A Randomised Controlled Trial of Vitamin D and Omega-3 Long Chain Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Irritability and Hyperactivity among Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"187","author":"Mazahery","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Y.-W., Liong, M.T., Chung, Y.-C.E., Huang, H.-Y., Peng, W.-S., Cheng, Y.-F., Lin, Y.-S., Wu, Y.-Y., and Tsai, Y.-C. (2019). Effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum PS128 on Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder in Taiwan: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040820"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104784","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2020.104784","article-title":"Probiotics and Fructo-Oligosaccharide Intervention Modulate the Microbiota-Gut Brain Axis to Improve Autism Spectrum Reducing Also the Hyper-Serotonergic State and the Dopamine Metabolism Disorder","volume":"157","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2020.110986","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Core Symptoms, Serum Serotonin, and Interleukin-6 in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"79\u201380","author":"Javadfar","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20200284","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2020-0284","article-title":"Fatty Acid Supplementation and Socioemotional Outcomes: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Trial","volume":"146","author":"Boone","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"57","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biochi.2020.04.019","article-title":"Folinic Acid Improves the Score of Autism in the EFFET Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial","volume":"173","author":"Renard","year":"2020","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kong, X.-J., Liu, J., Liu, K., Koh, M., Sherman, H., Liu, S., Tian, R., Sukijthamapan, P., Wang, J., and Fong, M. (2021). Probiotic and Oxytocin Combination Therapy in Patients with Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blinded, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13051552"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.5114\/pedm.2020.101806","article-title":"The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids Supplementation on Social and Behavioral Disorders of Children with Autism: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"27","author":"Doaei","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Endocrinol. Diabetes Metab."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"928","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-020-01072-8","article-title":"Folinic Acid as Adjunctive Therapy in Treatment of Inappropriate Speech in Children with Autism: A Double-Blind and Placebo-Controlled Randomized Trial","volume":"52","author":"Batebi","year":"2021","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.earlhumdev.2022.105588","article-title":"Effects of Omega-3-6-9 Fatty Acid Supplementation on Behavior and Sleep in Preterm Toddlers with Autism Symptomatology: Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"169","author":"Boone","year":"2022","journal-title":"Early Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5342","DOI":"10.1007\/s10803-021-05396-9","article-title":"Randomized Controlled Trial of Omega-3 and -6 Fatty Acid Supplementation to Reduce Inflammatory Markers in Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"52","author":"Keim","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Autism Dev. Disord."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5192","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-30909-0","article-title":"Results of a Phase Ib Study of SB-121, an Investigational Probiotic Formulation, a Randomized Controlled Trial in Participants with Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"13","author":"Schmitt","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"485","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2015.05.072","article-title":"Short-Term Supplementation of Acute Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids May Alter Depression Status and Decrease Symptomology among Young Adults with Depression: A Preliminary Randomized and Placebo Controlled Trial","volume":"229","author":"Ginty","year":"2015","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.14m08986","article-title":"A Double-Blind, Randomized Controlled Clinical Trial Comparing Eicosapentaenoic Acid versus Docosahexaenoic Acid for Depression","volume":"76","author":"Mischoulon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1159\/000377640","article-title":"Supplementation of N-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids for Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized, Double-Blind, 12-Week, Placebo-Controlled Trial in Korea","volume":"66","author":"Park","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Nutr. Metab."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2015.22","article-title":"Inflammation as a Predictive Biomarker for Response to Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Major Depressive Disorder: A Proof-of-Concept Study","volume":"21","author":"Rapaport","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1025","DOI":"10.1007\/s10802-016-0203-3","article-title":"Psychoeducational Psychotherapy and Omega-3 Supplementation Improve Co-Occurring Behavioral Problems in Youth with Depression: Results from a Pilot RCT","volume":"45","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Abnorm. Child Psychol."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17m11596","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.17m11596","article-title":"A Double-Blind Placebo-Controlled Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids as a Monotherapy for Adolescent Depression","volume":"79","author":"Gabbay","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2018.09.016","article-title":"Influence of Adjuvant Omega-3-Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Depression, Sleep, and Emotion Regulation among Outpatients with Major Depressive Disorders\u2014Results from a Double-Blind, Randomized and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"107","author":"Jahangard","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hansen, J.P., Pareek, M., Hvolby, A., Schmedes, A., Toft, T., Dahl, E., and Nielsen, C.T. (2019). Vitamin D3 Supplementation and Treatment Outcomes in Patients with Depression (D3-Vit-Dep). BMC Res. Notes, 12.","DOI":"10.1186\/s13104-019-4218-z"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2018.11.039","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Psychological Intervention for Workers with Mild to Moderate Depression: A Double-Blind Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"245","author":"Tayama","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"317","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2019.04.097","article-title":"Gut Feelings: A Randomised, Triple-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial of Probiotics for Depressive Symptoms","volume":"253","author":"Chahwan","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"474","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2017.1411320","article-title":"A Mediterranean-Style Dietary Intervention Supplemented with Fish Oil Improves Diet Quality and Mental Health in People with Depression: A Randomized Controlled Trial (HELFIMED)","volume":"22","author":"Parletta","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12937-019-0475-x","article-title":"The Study Evaluating the Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on the Mental Status, Inflammation, and Intestinal Barrier in Major Depressive Disorder Patients Using Gluten-Free or Gluten-Containing Diet (SANGUT Study): A 12-Week, Randomized, Double-Blind, and Placebo-Controlled Clinical Study Protocol","volume":"18","author":"Rog","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nutr. J."},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"522","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.04.010","article-title":"Effect of Probiotic and Prebiotic vs Placebo on Psychological Outcomes in Patients with Major Depressive Disorder: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"38","author":"Kazemi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1119","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/nqz141","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation for the Prevention of Depression and Poor Physical Function in Older Persons: The D-Vitaal Study, a Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"110","author":"Lips","year":"2019","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2065","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2018.09.011","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depression in Elderly Patients: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"38","author":"Alavi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19m02578","DOI":"10.4088\/PCC.19m02578","article-title":"Oral Administration of S-Adenosylmethionine (SAMe) and Lactobacillus Plantarum HEAL9 Improves the Mild-To-Moderate Symptoms of Depression: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Study","volume":"22","author":"Saccarello","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prim. Care Companion CNS Disord."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112911","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2020.112911","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty-Acids Modulate Symptoms of Depressive Disorder, Serum Levels of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Omega-6\/Omega-3 Ratio in Children. A Randomized, Double-Blind and Controlled Trial","volume":"287","author":"Gushina","year":"2020","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reininghaus, E.Z., Platzer, M., Kohlhammer-Dohr, A., Hamm, C., M\u00f6rkl, S., Bengesser, S.A., Fellendorf, F.T., Lahousen-Luxenberger, T., Leitner-Afschar, B., and Sch\u00f6ggl, H. (2020). PROVIT: Supplementary Probiotic Treatment and Vitamin B7 in Depression-A Randomized Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12113422"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reiter, A., Bengesser, S.A., Hauschild, A.-C., Birkl-T\u00f6glhofer, A.-M., Fellendorf, F.T., Platzer, M., F\u00e4rber, T., Seidl, M., Mendel, L.-M., and Unterweger, R. (2020). Interleukin-6 Gene Expression Changes after a 4-Week Intake of a Multispecies Probiotic in Major Depressive Disorder-Preliminary Results of the PROVIT Study. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12092575"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.03.029","article-title":"Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depression and Some Involved Neurotransmitters","volume":"269","author":"Kaviani","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01760","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.1760","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Anxiety but Not Depression Symptoms in Patients with Vitamin D Deficiency","volume":"10","author":"Zhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3415","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-020-02176-6","article-title":"Effect of Vitamin D Deficiency on Depressive Symptoms in Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Patients: Results of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"59","author":"Libuda","year":"2020","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ho, Y.-T., Tsai, Y.-C., Kuo, T.B.J., and Yang, C.C.H. (2021). Effects of Lactobacillus Plantarum PS128 on Depressive Symptoms and Sleep Quality in Self-Reported Insomniacs: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082820"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, H.J., Hong, J.K., Kim, J.-K., Kim, D.-H., Jang, S.W., Han, S.-W., and Yoon, I.-Y. (2021). Effects of Probiotic NVP-1704 on Mental Health and Sleep in Healthy Adults: An 8-Week Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trial. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13082660"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21m14074","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.21m14074","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Major Depressive Disorder with High Inflammation: A Randomized Dose-Finding Clinical Trial","volume":"83","author":"Mischoulon","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kaviani, M., Nikooyeh, B., Etesam, F., Behnagh, S.J., Kangarani, H.M., Arefi, M., Yaghmaei, P., and Neyestani, T.R. (2022). Effects of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depression and Some Selected Pro-Inflammatory Biomarkers: A Double-Blind Randomized Clinical Trial. BMC Psychiatry, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12888-022-04305-3"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1038\/s41398-022-01977-z","article-title":"Clinical, Gut Microbial and Neural Effects of a Probiotic Add-on Therapy in Depressed Patients: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"12","author":"Schaub","year":"2022","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ullah, H., Di Minno, A., Esposito, C., El-Seedi, H.R., Khalifa, S.A.M., Baldi, A., Greco, A., Santonastaso, S., Cioffi, V., and Sperandeo, R. (2022). Efficacy of a Food Supplement Based on S-Adenosyl Methionine and Probiotic Strains in Subjects with Subthreshold Depression and Mild-to-Moderate Depression: A Monocentric, Randomized, Cross-over, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Clinical Trial. Biomed. Pharmacother., 156.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2022.113930"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E23","DOI":"10.1503\/jpn.220117","article-title":"Effect of Short-Term, High-Dose Probiotic Supplementation on Cognition, Related Brain Functions and BDNF in Patients with Depression: A Secondary Analysis of a Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"48","author":"Schneider","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Psychiatry Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"842","DOI":"10.1001\/jamapsychiatry.2023.1817","article-title":"Acceptability, Tolerability, and Estimates of Putative Treatment Effects of Probiotics as Adjunctive Treatment in Patients with Depression: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"80","author":"Nikolova","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1158137","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2023.1158137","article-title":"Psychobiotic Lactobacillus Plantarum JYLP-326 Relieves Anxiety, Depression, and Insomnia Symptoms in Test Anxious College via Modulating the Gut Microbiota and Its Metabolism","volume":"14","author":"Zhu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2014.06.011","article-title":"Folic Acid Supplementation for Prevention of Mood Disorders in Young People at Familial Risk: A Randomised, Double Blind, Placebo Controlled Trial","volume":"167","author":"Sharpley","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"764","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2015.0132","article-title":"A Randomized Controlled Trial of Individual Family Psychoeducational Psychotherapy and Omega-3 Fatty Acids in Youth with Subsyndromal Bipolar Disorder","volume":"25","author":"Fristad","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1153","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.16lcx11151","article-title":"Correction: A Randomized Clinical Trial of High Eicosapentaenoic Acid Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inositol as Monotherapy and in Combination in the Treatment of Pediatric Bipolar Spectrum Disorders: A Pilot Study","volume":"77","author":"Wozniak","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2017.07.021","article-title":"Vitamin D Supplementation in Bipolar Depression: A Double Blind Placebo Controlled Trial","volume":"95","author":"Marsh","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"429","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2016.09.053","article-title":"L-Methylfolate For Bipolar I Depressive Episodes: An Open Trial Proof-of-Concept Registry","volume":"207","author":"Nierenberg","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"614","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.12652","article-title":"Adjunctive Probiotic Microorganisms to Prevent Rehospitalization in Patients with Acute Mania: A Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"20","author":"Dickerson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Bipolar. Disord."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"460","DOI":"10.1097\/JCP.0000000000000938","article-title":"Evaluating the Effect of Coenzyme Q10 Augmentation on Treatment of Bipolar Depression: A Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"38","author":"Mehrpooya","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"628","DOI":"10.1111\/jcpp.12830","article-title":"Omega-3 Supplementation Associated with Improved Parent-Rated Executive Function in Youth with Mood Disorders: Secondary Analyses of the Omega-3 and Therapy (OATS) Trials","volume":"59","author":"Vesco","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Child Psychol. Psychiatry Allied Discip."},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-017-1817-5","article-title":"de B.F.; Amaral, J.A. de M.S.; Dias, R. da S.; Lafer, B. A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Proof-of-Concept Trial of Creatine Monohydrate as Adjunctive Treatment for Bipolar Depression","volume":"125","author":"Toniolo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1089\/cap.2019.0124","article-title":"Effects of Fish Oil Monotherapy on Depression and Prefrontal Neurochemistry in Adolescents at High Risk for Bipolar I Disorder: A 12-Week Placebo-Controlled Proton Magnetic Resonance Spectroscopy Trial","volume":"30","author":"McNamara","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Child Adolesc. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"306","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743719889547","article-title":"Physical Activity as a Predictor of Clinical Trial Outcomes in Bipolar Depression: A Subanalysis of a Mitochondrial-Enhancing Nutraceutical Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"65","author":"Ashton","year":"2020","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"697","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13037","article-title":"A 52-Week Prophylactic Randomised Control Trial of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Bipolar Disorder","volume":"23","author":"McPhilemy","year":"2021","journal-title":"Bipolar. Disord."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2394","DOI":"10.1002\/brb3.2394","article-title":"The Efficacy of Vitamin B6 as an Adjunctive Therapy to Lithium in Improving the Symptoms of Acute Mania in Patients with Bipolar Disorder, Type 1; a Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial","volume":"11","author":"Badrfam","year":"2021","journal-title":"Brain Behav."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.11.115","article-title":"Moody Kids Years Later: Long-Term Outcomes of Youth from the Omega-3 and Therapy (OATS) Studies","volume":"281","author":"Fristad","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1097\/PRA.0000000000000660","article-title":"The Effect of Adjunctive Probiotics on Markers of Inflammation and Oxidative Stress in Bipolar Disorder: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Controlled Trial","volume":"28","author":"Sabouri","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Pract."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13110","article-title":"Fish Oil Supplementation Alters Emotion-Generated Corticolimbic Functional Connectivity in Depressed Adolescents at High-Risk for Bipolar I Disorder: A 12-Week Placebo-Controlled fMRI Trial","volume":"24","author":"McNamara","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bipolar Disord."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1111\/bdi.13112","article-title":"Adjunctive Dietary Intervention for Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized, Controlled, Parallel-Group, Modified Double-Blinded Trial of a High n-3 plus Low n-6 Diet","volume":"24","author":"Saunders","year":"2022","journal-title":"Bipolar. Disord."},{"key":"ref_128","first-page":"31","article-title":"A Randomized, Double-Blind, Controlled Clinical Trial of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Inositol as Monotherapies and in Combination for the Treatment of Pediatric Bipolar Spectrum Disorder in Children Age 5-12","volume":"52","author":"Wozniak","year":"2022","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.4103\/jrms.jrms_342_22","article-title":"The Effects of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on the Serum Concentrations of pro Inflammatory Cytokines Anddepression Status in Patients with Bipolar Disorder: A Randomized Double-Blind Controlled Clinical Trial","volume":"28","author":"Eslahi","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Res. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115633","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2023.115633","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in the Prevention of Relapse in Patients with Stable Bipolar Disorder: A 6-Month Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial","volume":"331","author":"Zailani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2023.10.121","article-title":"Efficacy of Vitamins B1 and B6 as an Adjunctive Therapy to Lithium in Bipolar-I Disorder: A Double-Blind, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled, Clinical Trial","volume":"345","author":"Zandifar","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.1177\/0269881113510072","article-title":"Efficacy of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Study of the Association with Valproic Acid","volume":"28","author":"Bellino","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1007\/s40261-017-0617-x","article-title":"Combination of Omega-3 Fatty Acids and Valproic Acid in Treatment of Borderline Personality Disorder: A Follow-Up Study","volume":"38","author":"Bozzatello","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Drug Investig."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"303","DOI":"10.1007\/s00787-020-01513-8","article-title":"Omega-3 Supplementation, Child Antisocial Behavior, and Psychopathic Personality: A Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Stratified, Parallel Group Trial","volume":"30","author":"Raine","year":"2021","journal-title":"Eur. Child Adolesc. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1093\/schbul\/17.1.27","article-title":"Schizophrenia: The Characteristic Symptoms","volume":"17","author":"Andreasen","year":"1991","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2020.12.002","article-title":"Characteristics and Definitions of Ultra-Treatment-Resistant Schizophrenia\u2014A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"228","author":"Campana","year":"2021","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1007\/s11065-021-09525-0","article-title":"Characterising Demographic, Clinical and Functional Features of Cognitive Subgroups in Schizophrenia Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"32","author":"Carruthers","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuropsychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"87","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1530-0277.1987.tb01268.x","article-title":"Essential Fatty Acid Supplementation during Early Alcohol Abstinence","volume":"11","author":"Wolkin","year":"1987","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(99)00092-X","article-title":"Essential Fatty Acids, Lipid Membrane Abnormalities, and the Diagnosis and Treatment of Schizophrenia","volume":"47","author":"Fenton","year":"2000","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2019.00393","article-title":"Relationship between Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Psychopathology in the NEURAPRO Clinical Trial","volume":"10","author":"Berger","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90084-1","article-title":"A Red Cell Membrane Abnormality in a Subgroup of Schizophrenic Patients: Evidence for Two Diseases","volume":"12","author":"Glen","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(00)00986-0","article-title":"Significantly Reduced Docosahexaenoic and Docosapentaenoic Acid Concentrations in Erythrocyte Membranes from Schizophrenic Patients Compared with a Carefully Matched Control Group","volume":"49","author":"Assies","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"901","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.schbul.a007140","article-title":"Reduced Red Blood Cell Membrane Essential Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in First Episode Schizophrenia at Neuroleptic-Naive Baseline","volume":"30","author":"Reddy","year":"2004","journal-title":"Schizophr. Bull."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"199","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12151","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Emerging Psychosis: A Safer Alternative?","volume":"8","author":"Amminger","year":"2014","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2018.09.022","article-title":"Metabolic Abnormalities and Low Dietary Omega-3 Are Associated with Symptom Severity and Worse Functioning Prior to the Onset of Psychosis: Findings from the North American Prodrome Longitudinal Studies Consortium","volume":"204","author":"Cadenhead","year":"2019","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2010.07.001","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Deficits Are Associated with Psychotic State and Negative Symptoms in Patients with Schizophrenia","volume":"83","author":"Sethom","year":"2010","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2010.07.049","article-title":"Membrane Fatty Acid Levels as a Predictor of Treatment Response in Chronic Schizophrenia","volume":"186","author":"Sumiyoshi","year":"2011","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e906","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.142","article-title":"Membrane Lipidomics in Schizophrenia Patients: A Correlational Study with Clinical and Cognitive Manifestations","volume":"6","author":"Tessier","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"209","DOI":"10.1016\/0920-9964(94)90014-0","article-title":"Red Blood Cell Membrane Dynamics in Schizophrenia I. Membrane Fluidity","volume":"11","author":"Yao","year":"1994","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_150","unstructured":"Marshall, M., and Rathbone, J. (2006). Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2015.03.022","article-title":"Sources of Clinical Distress in Young People at Ultra High Risk of Psychosis","volume":"165","author":"McGorry","year":"2015","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"258","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12233","article-title":"Distress in Relation to Attenuated Psychotic Symptoms in the Ultra-High-Risk Population Is Not Associated with Increased Risk of Psychotic Disorder","volume":"10","author":"Power","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1016\/j.schres.2010.10.022","article-title":"Transition and Remission in Adolescents at Ultra-High Risk for Psychosis","volume":"126","author":"Ziermans","year":"2011","journal-title":"Schizophr. Res."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"790","DOI":"10.1176\/ajp.2006.163.5.790","article-title":"Randomized, Double-Blind Trial of Olanzapine versus Placebo in Patients Prodromally Symptomatic for Psychosis","volume":"163","author":"McGlashan","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2012.06.014","article-title":"Schizophrenia: Linking Prenatal Infection to Cytokines, the Tryptophan Catabolite (TRYCAT) Pathway, NMDA Receptor Hypofunction, Neurodevelopment and Neuroprogression","volume":"42","author":"Anderson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Prog. Neuro-Psychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.15585\/mmwr.ss6706a1","article-title":"Prevalence of Autism Spectrum Disorder Among Children Aged 8 Years\u2014Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring Network, 11 Sites, United States, 2014","volume":"67","author":"Baio","year":"2018","journal-title":"MMWR Surveill. Summ."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527321666220428134802","article-title":"A Review on Autism Spectrum Disorder: Pathogenesis, Biomarkers, Pharmacological and Non-Pharmacological Interventions","volume":"22","author":"Majhi","year":"2023","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1080\/19490976.2015.1035855","article-title":"Autism Spectrum Disorders and Intestinal Microbiota","volume":"6","author":"Francavilla","year":"2015","journal-title":"Gut Microbes"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"346","DOI":"10.1179\/1476830515Y.0000000019","article-title":"Vitamin D Status in Autism Spectrum Disorders and the Efficacy of Vitamin D Supplementation in Autistic Children","volume":"19","author":"Saad","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8396708","DOI":"10.1155\/2020\/8396708","article-title":"The Gut Microbiota and Oxidative Stress in Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD)","volume":"2020","author":"Hu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Oxid. Med. Cell. Longev."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"515","DOI":"10.1093\/nutrit\/nuz092","article-title":"Nutritional Interventions for Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"78","author":"Karhu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1238973","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyt.2023.1238973","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and\/or Vitamin D in Autism Spectrum Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Jiang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.116.242354","article-title":"\u03c9-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation Does Not Affect Autism Spectrum Disorder in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"147","author":"Horvath","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"194","DOI":"10.1007\/s12264-017-0103-8","article-title":"The Immune System, Cytokines, and Biomarkers in Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"33","author":"Masi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Neurosci. Bull."},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1038\/mp.2012.22","article-title":"Role of Folate Receptor Autoantibodies in Infantile Autism","volume":"18","author":"Ramaekers","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_166","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.1111\/cge.13421","article-title":"Linking Genetics to Epigenetics: The Role of Folate and Folate-Related Pathways in Neurodevelopmental Disorders","volume":"95","author":"Lintas","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Genet."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/s10882-009-9152-x","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation in Young Children with Autism","volume":"22","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Dev. Phys. Disabil."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpeds.2013.09.021","article-title":"Prevalence and Neonatal Factors Associated with Autism Spectrum Disorders in Preterm Infants","volume":"164","author":"Kuzniewicz","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20151949","DOI":"10.1542\/peds.2015-1949","article-title":"Autism in Toddlers Born Very Preterm","volume":"137","author":"Pritchard","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pediatrics"},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"729","DOI":"10.1007\/s10578-015-0606-3","article-title":"Extremely Preterm Born Children at Very High Risk for Developing Autism Spectrum Disorder","volume":"47","author":"Verhaeghe","year":"2016","journal-title":"Child Psychiatry Hum. Dev."},{"key":"ref_171","first-page":"183","article-title":"Partial Response to Antidepressant Treatment: The Role of Nutraceutical Compounds","volume":"20","author":"Girone","year":"2023","journal-title":"Clin. Neuropsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(97)00206-0","article-title":"Depletion of Omega-3 Fatty Acid Levels in Red Blood Cell Membranes of Depressive Patients","volume":"43","author":"Peet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"140","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2010.03.018","article-title":"A Meta-Analytic Review of Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Compositions in Patients with Depression","volume":"68","author":"Lin","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"155","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2012.03.003","article-title":"Associations between Omega-3 Poly-Unsaturated Fatty Acids from Fish Consumption and Severity of Depressive Symptoms: An Analysis of the 2005-2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey","volume":"86","author":"Hoffmire","year":"2012","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1743","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.113.179119","article-title":"\u03c9-3 Fatty Acid Intakes Are Inversely Related to Elevated Depressive Symptoms among United States Women","volume":"143","author":"Beydoun","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainres.2014.06.032","article-title":"Inflammatory Cytokine-Associated Depression","volume":"1617","author":"Lotrich","year":"2015","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"41","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plipres.2015.12.003","article-title":"The Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Eicosapentaenoic and Docosahexaenoic Acids in the Treatment of Major Depression and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease: Acting Separately or Synergistically?","volume":"62","author":"Song","year":"2016","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"65","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychires.2015.12.007","article-title":"Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation and White Matter Changes in Major Depression","volume":"75","author":"Chhetry","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Psychiatr. Res."},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"S\u00e1nchez-Villegas, A., \u00c1lvarez-P\u00e9rez, J., Toledo, E., Salas-Salvad\u00f3, J., Ortega-Azor\u00edn, C., Zome\u00f1o, M.D., Vioque, J., Mart\u00ednez, J.A., Romaguera, D., and P\u00e9rez-L\u00f3pez, J. (2018). Seafood Consumption, Omega-3 Fatty Acids Intake, and Life-Time Prevalence of Depression in the PREDIMED-Plus Trial. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10122000"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpr.2009.10.005","article-title":"Birth Cohort Increases in Psychopathology among Young Americans, 1938-2007: A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of the MMPI","volume":"30","author":"Twenge","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Psychol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1186\/1880-6805-33-22","article-title":"Nutritional Psychiatry Research: An Emerging Discipline and Its Intersection with Global Urbanization, Environmental Challenges and the Evolutionary Mismatch","volume":"33","author":"Logan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Physiol. Anthropol."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/62.1.1","article-title":"Dietary Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids and Depression: When Cholesterol Does Not Satisfy","volume":"62","author":"Hibbeln","year":"1995","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2006.08.026","article-title":"Selective Deficits in the Omega-3 Fatty Acid Docosahexaenoic Acid in the Postmortem Orbitofrontal Cortex of Patients with Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"62","author":"McNamara","year":"2007","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"983","DOI":"10.2165\/11539700-000000000-00000","article-title":"Preventative Strategies for Early-Onset Bipolar Disorder: Towards a Clinical Staging Model","volume":"24","author":"McNamara","year":"2010","journal-title":"CNS Drugs"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Grosso, G., Pajak, A., Marventano, S., Castellano, S., Galvano, F., Bucolo, C., Drago, F., and Caraci, F. (2014). Role of Omega-3 Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depressive Disorders: A Comprehensive Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0096905"},{"key":"ref_186","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"383","DOI":"10.1017\/S1461145713001399","article-title":"Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Associations with Dopaminergic Indices in Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"17","author":"Sublette","year":"2014","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_187","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102572","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plefa.2023.102572","article-title":"Effects of Long-Chain Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids on Reducing Anxiety and\/or Depression in Adults; A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomised Controlled Trials","volume":"192","author":"Kelaiditis","year":"2023","journal-title":"Prostaglandins Leukot. Essent. Fat. Acids"},{"key":"ref_188","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-019-1970-8","article-title":"Metabolomic Signatures and Microbial Community Profiling of Depressive Rat Model Induced by Adrenocorticotrophic Hormone","volume":"17","author":"Song","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_189","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1370","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.18588","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Bipolar Disorder: A Review","volume":"330","author":"Nierenberg","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_190","first-page":"8","article-title":"The Psychoneuroimmunological Role of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids in Major Depressive Disorder and Bipolar Disorder","volume":"31","author":"Rutkofsky","year":"2017","journal-title":"Adv. Mind Body Med."},{"key":"ref_191","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1111\/eip.12282","article-title":"Adolescents with or at Ultra-High Risk for Bipolar Disorder Exhibit Erythrocyte Docosahexaenoic Acid and Eicosapentaenoic Acid Deficits: A Candidate Prodromal Risk Biomarker","volume":"10","author":"Mcnamara","year":"2016","journal-title":"Early Interv. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_192","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12","DOI":"10.1186\/s40479-022-00182-0","article-title":"The ICD-11 Classification of Personality Disorders: A European Perspective on Challenges and Opportunities","volume":"9","author":"Bach","year":"2022","journal-title":"Borderline Pers. Disord. Emot. Dysregul."},{"key":"ref_193","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2016.07.017","article-title":"The Effect of Omega-3 Fatty Acids on Aggression: A Meta-Analysis","volume":"69","author":"Gajos","year":"2016","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_194","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"307","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2017.12.038","article-title":"Omega-3 Supplements Reduce Self-Reported Physical Aggression in Healthy Adults","volume":"261","author":"Zaalberg","year":"2018","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_195","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1007\/s11920-018-0894-y","article-title":"Omega-3 Supplementation as a Dietary Intervention to Reduce Aggressive and Antisocial Behavior","volume":"20","author":"Choy","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Psychiatry Rep."},{"key":"ref_196","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"167","DOI":"10.1176\/appi.ajp.160.1.167","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acid Treatment of Women with Borderline Personality Disorder: A Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Pilot Study","volume":"160","author":"Zanarini","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_197","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.108.062984","article-title":"Pharmacotherapy for Borderline Personality Disorder: Cochrane Systematic Review of Randomised Trials","volume":"196","author":"Lieb","year":"2010","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_198","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100069","DOI":"10.1016\/j.humic.2019.100069","article-title":"Gut Microbiome Composition and Diversity Are Related to Human Personality Traits","volume":"15","author":"Johnson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Hum. Microb. J."},{"key":"ref_199","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.pmbts.2020.08.014","article-title":"The Gut Microbiome and Psycho-Cognitive Traits","volume":"176","author":"Vernice","year":"2020","journal-title":"Prog. Mol. Biol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_200","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Anderson, G. (2020). Pathoetiology and Pathophysiology of Borderline Personality: Role of Prenatal Factors, Gut Microbiome, Mu- and Kappa-Opioid Receptors in Amygdala-PFC Interactions. Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry, 98.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pnpbp.2019.109782"},{"key":"ref_201","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1089\/brain.2010.0001","article-title":"Amygdala Functional Connectivity in Young Women with Borderline Personality Disorder","volume":"1","author":"Cullen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Brain Connect."},{"key":"ref_202","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpsychores.2022.110942","article-title":"Alterations of the Gut Microbiota in Borderline Personality Disorder","volume":"158","author":"Flasbeck","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Psychosom. Res."},{"key":"ref_203","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1177\/0706743716660290","article-title":"Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) 2016 Clinical Guidelines for the Management of Adults with Major Depressive Disorder: Section 5. Complementary and Alternative Medicine Treatments","volume":"61","author":"Ravindran","year":"2016","journal-title":"Can. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_204","first-page":"CD004692","article-title":"Omega-3 Fatty Acids for Depression in Adults","volume":"2015","author":"Appleton","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_205","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e010172","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2015-010172","article-title":"\u03c9-3 Fatty Acids for Major Depressive Disorder in Adults: An Abridged Cochrane Review","volume":"6","author":"Appleton","year":"2016","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_206","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1192\/bjp.bp.114.160242","article-title":"Efficacy of Omega-3 Highly Unsaturated Fatty Acids in the Treatment of Depression","volume":"209","author":"Hallahan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Br. J. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_207","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e756","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2016.29","article-title":"Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acid Supplementation for Major Depressive Disorder","volume":"6","author":"Mocking","year":"2016","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_208","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1090","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euroneuro.2017.07.004","article-title":"Efficacy of Adding Nutritional Supplements in Unipolar Depression: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"27","author":"Schefft","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eur. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_209","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Iqbal, A.Z., Wu, S.-K., Zailani, H., Chiu, W.-C., Liu, W.-C., Su, K.-P., and Lee, S.-D. (2023). Effects of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids Intake on Vasomotor Symptoms, Sleep Quality and Depression in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202309.0073.v1"},{"key":"ref_210","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2022.2077031","article-title":"Nutrition and Bipolar Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Gabriel","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_211","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32819","DOI":"10.4088\/JCP.20r13613","article-title":"Marine Omega-3 Fatty Acid Supplementation for Borderline Personality Disorder","volume":"82","author":"Karaszewska","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Clin. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_212","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.advnut.2023.08.003","article-title":"Safety of Supplementation of Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"14","author":"Chang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_213","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, Q.X., Loke, W., Venkatanarayanan, N., Lim, D.Y., Soh, A.Y.S., and Yeo, W.S. (2019). A Systematic Review of the Role of Prebiotics and Probiotics in Autism Spectrum Disorders. Medicina, 55.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina55050129"},{"key":"ref_214","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1820","DOI":"10.1002\/aur.2560","article-title":"Probiotics, Prebiotics, Synbiotics, and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in the Treatment of Behavioral Symptoms of Autism Spectrum Disorder: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Autism Res."},{"key":"ref_215","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Song, J., Zhou, B., Kan, J., Liu, G., Zhang, S., Si, L., Zhang, X., Yang, X., Ma, J., and Cheng, J. (2022). Gut Microbiota: Linking Nutrition and Perinatal Depression. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 12.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2022.932309"},{"key":"ref_216","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rpsm.2020.06.002","article-title":"Prebiotics, Probiotics and Fecal Microbiota Transplantation in Autism: A Systematic Review","volume":"13","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rev. Psiquiatr. Salud Ment."},{"key":"ref_217","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.4081\/cp.2017.987","article-title":"Gut Microbiota\u2019s Effect on Mental Health: The Gut-Brain Axis","volume":"7","author":"Clapp","year":"2017","journal-title":"Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_218","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"249","DOI":"10.1089\/acm.2016.0023","article-title":"Probiotics and Subclinical Psychological Symptoms in Healthy Participants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"23","author":"McKean","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Altern. Complement. Med."},{"key":"ref_219","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"963","DOI":"10.1080\/1028415X.2019.1701220","article-title":"Psychobiotics as Treatment for Anxiety, Depression, and Related Symptoms: A Systematic Review","volume":"24","author":"Smith","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nutr. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_220","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2019.03.023","article-title":"Prebiotics and Probiotics for Depression and Anxiety: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Controlled Clinical Trials","volume":"102","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_221","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.3920\/BM2020.0063","article-title":"From Probiotics to Psychobiotics\u2014The Gut-Brain Axis in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"11","author":"Marcinkowska","year":"2020","journal-title":"Benef. Microbes"},{"key":"ref_222","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2020.01.102","article-title":"Gut Microbiota and Major Depressive Disorder: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"266","author":"Sanada","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_223","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1215674","DOI":"10.3389\/fpsyg.2023.1215674","article-title":"Association between Gut Microbiota and Psychiatric Disorders: A Systematic Review","volume":"14","author":"Morillas","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_224","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fond, G.B., Lagier, J.-C., Honore, S., Lancon, C., Korchia, T., Sunhary De Verville, P.-L., Llorca, P.-M., Auquier, P., Guedj, E., and Boyer, L. (2020). Microbiota-Orientated Treatments for Major Depression and Schizophrenia. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12041024"},{"key":"ref_225","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Knuesel, T., and Mohajeri, M.H. (2021). The Role of the Gut Microbiota in the Development and Progression of Major Depressive and Bipolar Disorder. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14010037"},{"key":"ref_226","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alli, S.R., Gorbovskaya, I., Liu, J.C.W., Kolla, N.J., Brown, L., and M\u00fcller, D.J. (2022). The Gut Microbiome in Depression and Potential Benefit of Prebiotics, Probiotics and Synbiotics: A Systematic Review of Clinical Trials and Observational Studies. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23094494"},{"key":"ref_227","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"04038","DOI":"10.7189\/jogh.13.04038","article-title":"Impact of Probiotic on Anxiety and Depression Symptoms in Pregnant and Lactating Women and Microbiota of Infants: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"13","author":"Halemani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_228","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jad.2017.11.063","article-title":"A Meta-Analysis of the Use of Probiotics to Alleviate Depressive Symptoms","volume":"228","author":"Ng","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Affect. Disord."},{"key":"ref_229","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Le Morvan de Sequeira, C., Hengstberger, C., Enck, P., and Mack, I. (2022). Effect of Probiotics on Psychiatric Symptoms and Central Nervous System Functions in Human Health and Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030621"},{"key":"ref_230","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ng, Q.X., Lim, Y.L., Yaow, C.Y.L., Ng, W.K., Thumboo, J., and Liew, T.M. (2023). Effect of Probiotic Supplementation on Gut Microbiota in Patients with Major Depressive Disorders: A Systematic Review. Nutrients, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu15061351"},{"key":"ref_231","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ciobanu, A.M., Petrescu, C., Anghele, C., Manea, M.C., Ciobanu, C.A., Petrescu, D.M., Antonia, M.O., and Riga, S. (2023). Severe Vitamin D Deficiency-A Possible Cause of Resistance to Treatment in Psychiatric Pathology. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59122056"},{"key":"ref_232","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"330","DOI":"10.1080\/13651501.2021.2022701","article-title":"Prevalence of Vitamin D Deficiency among Psychiatric Inpatients: A Systematic Review","volume":"26","author":"Seiler","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Psychiatry Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_233","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2708","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-021-01025-0","article-title":"Vitamin D and Schizophrenia: 20 Years On","volume":"26","author":"Cui","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_234","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Z., Ding, R., and Wang, J. (2020). The Association between Vitamin D Status and Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13010086"},{"key":"ref_235","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114977","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psychres.2022.114977","article-title":"Maternal Serum 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and Risk of Autism Spectrum and Attention-Deficit Hyperactivity Disorders in Offspring: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis","volume":"319","author":"Tirani","year":"2023","journal-title":"Psychiatry Res."},{"key":"ref_236","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11784","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2022.2096560","article-title":"The Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Depressive Symptoms in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"63","author":"Mikola","year":"2023","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_237","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111968","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2022.111968","article-title":"Efficacy and Acceptability of Vitamin D Supplements for Depressed Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"108","author":"Srifuengfung","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_238","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"424","DOI":"10.1080\/15622975.2021.2013041","article-title":"Clinician Guidelines for the Treatment of Psychiatric Disorders with Nutraceuticals and Phytoceuticals: The World Federation of Societies of Biological Psychiatry (WFSBP) and Canadian Network for Mood and Anxiety Treatments (CANMAT) Taskforce","volume":"23","author":"Sarris","year":"2022","journal-title":"World J. Biol. Psychiatry"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/9\/4824\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:35:32Z","timestamp":1760106932000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/9\/4824"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]},"references-count":238,"journal-issue":{"issue":"9","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25094824"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25094824","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,28]]}}}