{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,15]],"date-time":"2026-05-15T19:44:58Z","timestamp":1778874298739,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":53,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]],"date-time":"2024-04-29T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714348800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23ak0101179h0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ak0101179h0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23H69332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H69332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/100009619","name":"Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMXS0410300223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMXS0410300223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/100009619","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["23ak0101179h0003"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["23ak0101179h0003"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JP23H69332"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JP23H69332"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001691","name":"Japan Society","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JPMXS0410300223"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPMXS0410300223"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001691","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Knowledge of gender-specific drug distributions in different organs are of great importance for personalized medicine and reducing toxicity. However, such drug distributions have not been well studied. In this study, we investigated potential differences in the distribution of imipramine and chloroquine, as well as their metabolites, between male and female kidneys. Kidneys were collected from mice treated with imipramine or chloroquine and then subjected to atmospheric pressure matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization-mass spectrometry imaging (AP-MALDI-MSI). We observed differential distributions of the drugs and their metabolites between male and female kidneys. Imipramine showed prominent distributions in the cortex and medulla in male and female kidneys, respectively. Desipramine, one of the metabolites of imipramine, showed significantly higher (*** p &lt; 0.001) distributions in the medulla of the male kidney compared to that of the female kidney. Chloroquine and its metabolites were accumulated in the pelvis of both male and female kidneys. Interestingly, they showed a characteristic distribution in the medulla of the female kidney, while almost no distributions were observed in the same areas of the male kidney. For the first time, our study revealed that the distributions of imipramine, chloroquine, and their metabolites were different in male and female kidneys.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094840","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,1]],"date-time":"2024-05-01T03:30:49Z","timestamp":1714534249000},"page":"4840","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":11,"title":["Elucidating Gender-Specific Distribution of Imipramine, Chloroquine, and Their Metabolites in Mice Kidney Tissues through AP-MALDI-MSI"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Md. Monirul","family":"Islam","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Institute of Food and Radiation Biology, Atomic Energy Research Establishment, Bangladesh Atomic Energy Commission, Dhaka 1349, Bangladesh"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md Foyzur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7497-3540","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ariful","family":"Islam","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Microbiology, School of Health and Life Sciences, North South University, Bashundhara, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh"},{"name":"Preppers Co., Ltd., Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mst. Sayela","family":"Afroz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9274-3386","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Al","family":"Mamun","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Preppers Co., Ltd., Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9894-9182","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Md. Muedur","family":"Rahman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Preppers Co., Ltd., Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Md","family":"Maniruzzaman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5340-8841","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lili","family":"Xu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Takumi","family":"Sakamoto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Preppers Co., Ltd., Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yutaka","family":"Takahashi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Preppers Co., Ltd., Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7962-557X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohito","family":"Sato","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2205-5665","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomoaki","family":"Kahyo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1302-6467","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mitsutoshi","family":"Setou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular and Molecular Anatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Preppers Co., Ltd., Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"International Mass Imaging Center, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"},{"name":"Department of Systems Molecular Anatomy, Institute for Medical Photonics Research, Preeminent Medical Photonics Education and Research Center, 1-20-1 Handayama, Chuo-Ku, Hamamatsu City 431-3192, Shizuoka, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,4,29]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14408","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-71347-6","article-title":"Quantifying drug tissue biodistribution by integrating high content screening with deep-learning analysis","volume":"10","author":"Li","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. 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