{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,12]],"date-time":"2026-06-12T17:17:43Z","timestamp":1781284663210,"version":"3.54.1"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"9","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1714694400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Grant of the University of Szeged","award":["EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00006"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100000780","name":"Hungarian\u2014European Union","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00006"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["EFOP-3.6.2-16-2017-00006"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100000780","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acquiring resistance against antiviral drugs is a significant problem in antimicrobial therapy. In order to identify novel antiviral compounds, the antiviral activity of eight plants indigenous to the southern region of Hungary against herpes simplex virus-2 (HSV-2) was investigated. The plant extracts and the plant compound carnosic acid were tested for their effectiveness on both the extracellular and intracellular forms of HSV-2 on Vero and HeLa cells. HSV-2 replication was measured by a direct quantitative PCR (qPCR). Among the tested plant extracts, Salvia rosmarinus (S. rosmarinus) exhibited a 90.46% reduction in HSV-2 replication at the 0.47 \u03bcg\/mL concentration. Carnosic acid, a major antimicrobial compound found in rosemary, also demonstrated a significant dose-dependent inhibition of both extracellular and intracellular forms of HSV-2. The 90% inhibitory concentration (IC90) of carnosic acid was between 25 and 6.25 \u03bcg\/mL. Proteomics and high-resolution respirometry showed that carnosic acid suppressed key ATP synthesis pathways such as glycolysis, citrate cycle, and oxidative phosphorylation. Inhibition of oxidative phosphorylation also suppressed HSV-2 replication up to 39.94-fold. These results indicate that the antiviral action of carnosic acid includes the inhibition of ATP generation by suppressing key energy production pathways. Carnosic acid holds promise as a potential novel antiviral agent against HSV-2.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25094983","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]],"date-time":"2024-05-03T03:43:46Z","timestamp":1714707826000},"page":"4983","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["Carnosic Acid Inhibits Herpes Simplex Virus Replication by Suppressing Cellular ATP Synthesis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Georgina","family":"Horv\u00e1th","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Edit","family":"Moln\u00e1r","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"R\u00e9thy P\u00e1l County Hospital, Gyulai Str. 18, 5600 Bekescsaba, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8278-8038","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Zolt\u00e1n","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Sq. 8, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5584-6869","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"G\u00e1bor","family":"Kecskem\u00e9ti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Chemistry, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, D\u00f3m Sq. 8, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"L\u00e1szl\u00f3","family":"Juh\u00e1sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy B\u00e9la Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szabolcs P\u00e9ter","family":"Tall\u00f3sy","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Surgical Research, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Sz\u0151kefalvi-Nagy B\u00e9la Str. 6, 6720 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"J\u00f3zsef","family":"Ny\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Anita","family":"Bogdanov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8409-892X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ferenc","family":"Somogyv\u00e1ri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9402-3857","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Val\u00e9ria","family":"Endr\u00e9sz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1300-2374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katalin","family":"Buri\u00e1n","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dezs\u0151 P.","family":"Virok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Microbiology, Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Health Center and Albert Szent-Gy\u00f6rgyi Medical School, University of Szeged, Semmelweis Str. 6, 6725 Szeged, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,3]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2023, September 28). 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