{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,2,28]],"date-time":"2026-02-28T02:19:32Z","timestamp":1772245172763,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":59,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The modified release of active substances such as chlorzoxazone from matrix tablets, based on Kollidon\u00aeSR and chitosan, depends both on the drug solubility in the dissolution medium and on the matrix composition. The aim of this study is to obtain some new oral matrix tablet formulations, based on Kollidon\u00aeSR and chitosan, in order to optimize the low-dose oral bioavailability of chlorzoxazone, a non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug of class II Biopharmaceutical Classification System. Nine types of chlorzoxazone matrix tablets were obtained using the direct compression method by varying the components ratio as 1:1, 1:2, and 1:3 chlorzoxazone\/excipients, 20\u201340 w\/w % Kollidon\u00aeSR, 3\u20137 w\/w % chitosan while the auxiliary substances: Aerosil\u00ae 1 w\/w %, magnesium stearate 0.5 w\/w % and Avicel\u00ae up to 100 w\/w % were kept in constant concentrations. Pharmaco-technical characterization of the tablets included the analysis of flowability and compressibility properties (flow time, friction coefficient, angle of repose, Hausner ratio, and Carr index), and pharmaco-chemical characteristics (such as mass and dose uniformity, thickness, diameter, mechanical strength, friability, softening degree, and in vitro release profiles). Based on the obtained results, only three matrix tablet formulations (F1b, F2b, and F3b, containing 30 w\/w % KOL and 5 w\/w % CHT, were selected and further tested. These formulations were studied in detail by Fourier-transform infrared spectrometry, X-ray diffraction, thermogravimetry, and differential scanning calorimetry. The three formulations were comparatively studied regarding the release kinetics of active substances using in vitro release testing. The results were analyzed by fitting into four representative mathematical models for the modified-release oral formulations. In vitro kinetic study revealed a complex mechanism of release occurring in two steps of drug release, the first step (0\u20132 h) and the second (2\u201336 h). Two factors were calculated to assess the release profile of chlorzoxazone: f1\u2014the similarity factor, and f2\u2014the factor difference. The results have shown that both Kollidon\u00aeSR and chitosan may be used as matrix-forming agents when combined with chlorzoxazone. The three formulations showed optima pharmaco-technical properties and in vitro kinetic behavior; therefore, they have tremendous potential to be used in oral pharmaceutical products for the controlled delivery of chlorzoxazone. In vitro dissolution tests revealed a faster drug release for the F2b sample.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105137","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T03:34:19Z","timestamp":1715225659000},"page":"5137","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["New Hydrophilic Matrix Tablets for the Controlled Released of Chlorzoxazone"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9429-0592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreea","family":"Creteanu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmaceutical Technology, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gabriela","family":"Lisa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Chemical Engineering, Faculty of Chemical Engineering and Environmental Protection, \u201cGheorghe Asachi\u201d Technical University, 73 Dimitrie Mangeron Prof., Str., 700050 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1854-0278","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cornelia","family":"Vasile","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4543-2870","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maria-Cristina","family":"Popescu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Daniela","family":"Pamfil","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Physical Chemistry of Polymers Department, Petru Poni Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, 41A Gr. Ghica Voda Alley, 700487 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5416-3142","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudiu N.","family":"Lungu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Departament of Functional and Morphological Science, Faculty of Medicine and Pharamacy, Dunarea de Jos University, 800008 Galati, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alina Diana","family":"Panainte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. Popa\u201d University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 16 Universitatii Street, 700115 Ia\u0219i, Romania"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Gladiola","family":"Tantaru","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, \u201cGrigore T. 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