{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,22]],"date-time":"2026-01-22T09:55:46Z","timestamp":1769075746011,"version":"3.49.0"},"reference-count":57,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2022YFD2400103"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2022YFD2400103"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Fish germ cell transplantation holds great potential for conserving endangered species, improving cultured fish breeds, and exploring reproductive techniques. However, low transplantation efficiency is a common issue in heterotransplantation. This study transplanted fat greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) spermatogonia into the testes of spotted sea bass (Lateolabrax maculatus) to investigate factors that might affect the colonization and fixation of heterologous transplanted germ cells. Results indicated that transplanted fat greenling spermatogonia cells were successfully detected in the early transplantation phase in spotted sea bass. Their numbers gradually decreased over time, and after 10 days post-transplantation, more than 90% of the transplanted cells underwent apoptosis. Transcriptome sequencing analysis of the testes of spotted sea bass and fat greenling spermatogonia on days 1 and 10 post-transplantation revealed that this apoptosis process involved many immune-related genes and their associated signaling pathways. Acute immune rejection marker genes prf1 and gzmb were detected in the spotted sea bass testes, while immune tolerance genes lck and zap-70 were expressed in the fat greenling spermatogonia. Additionally, differential expression of prf1 and gzmb genes was screened from spotted sea bass, with experimental evidence indicating that PRF1 and GZMB protein from spotted sea bass primarily induce apoptosis in transplanted fat greenling spermatogonia via the mitochondrial apoptosis pathway, at the protein level. This suggests that the difficulties in heterotransplantation are primarily related to acute immune rejection, with PRF1 and GZMB playing significant roles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105157","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1715250676000},"page":"5157","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":2,"title":["Immune Rejection Mediated by prf1 and gzmb Affects the Colonization of Fat Greenling (Hexagrammos otakii) Spermatogonia in Heterotransplantation"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Xi","family":"Zhao","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ying","family":"Chen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1179-1325","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rui","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Men","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Kai","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zibin","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Wenxiu","family":"Cai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7346-6758","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yan","family":"He","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0635-653X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jie","family":"Qi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"MOE Key Laboratory of Marine Genetics and Breeding, College of Marine Life Sciences, Ocean University of China, 5 Yushan Road, Qingdao 266003, China"},{"name":"Key Laboratory of Tropical Aquatic Germplasm of Hainan Province, Sanya Oceanographic Institute, Ocean University of China, Sanya 572000, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1071\/SRB09Abs105","article-title":"Transplanted germ cells can colonize the gonads of sexually competent fish and produce functional gametes","volume":"21","author":"Majhi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Reprod. 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