{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T09:08:34Z","timestamp":1793956114813,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":38,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chronic rhinosinusitis (CRS) is a complex syndrome with various inflammatory mechanisms resulting in different patterns of inflammation that correlate with the clinical phenotypes of CRS. Our aim was to use detected IL-1, IL-4, IL-6, IL-7, IL-8, IL-10, IL-12, Ki 67, HBD-2, HBD-3, and LL-37 to classify specific inflammatory endotypes in chronic rhinosinusitis with the tissue of nasal polyps (CRSwNP). Samples from 35 individuals with primary and recurrent CRSwNP were taken during surgery. The tissues were stained for the previously mentioned biomarkers immunohistochemically. A hierarchical cluster analysis was performed. The clinical parameters were compared between clusters. Five clusters had significantly different biomarkers between groups. There were no significant differences in the clinical parameters, except for the Lund\u2013Mackay score, which was significantly higher in cluster 4 compared to that of cluster 1 (p = 0.024). Five endotypes of (CRSwNP) are characterized by different combinations of type 1, type 2, and type 3 tissue inflammation patterns. In the Latvian population, endotypes associated with neutrophilic inflammation or a combination of neutrophilic inflammation and type 2 inflammation are predominant. Increased proliferation marker Ki 67 values are not associated with more severe inflammation in the tissue samples of chronic rhinosinusitis with nasal polyps.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105159","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T10:31:16Z","timestamp":1715250676000},"page":"5159","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Endotypes of Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Primary and Recurring Nasal Polyps in the Latvian Population"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2052-8294","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rudolfs Janis","family":"Viksne","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Daugavpils Regional Hospital, Vasarnicu Street 20, LV-5417 Daugavpils, Latvia"},{"name":"Department of Doctoral Studies, Riga Stradins University, Dzirciema Street 16, LV-1007 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gunta","family":"Sumeraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otorhinolaryngology, Riga Stradins University, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Pauls Stradins Clinical University Hospital, Pilsonu Street 13, LV-1002 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9804-4666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Mara","family":"Pilmane","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Anatomy and Anthropology, Riga Stradins University, Kronvalda Boulevard 9, LV-1010 Riga, Latvia"},{"name":"Children University Hospital, Vienibas gatve 45, LV-1004 Riga, Latvia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.4193\/Rhin20.401","article-title":"European Position Paper on Rhinosinusitis and Nasal Polyps 2020","volume":"58","author":"Fokkens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Rhinology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1434","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaip.2022.03.002","article-title":"Chronic Rhinosinusitis with Nasal Polyps: Quality of Life in the Biologics Era","volume":"10","author":"Mullol","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. 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