{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T22:07:42Z","timestamp":1791324462438,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":100,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]],"date-time":"2024-05-09T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715212800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Melatonin is ubiquitously present in all animals and plants, where it exerts a variety of physiological activities thanks to its antioxidant properties and its key role as the first messenger of extracellular signaling functions. Most of the clinical studies on melatonin refer to its widespread oral use as a dietary supplement to improve sleep. A far smaller number of articles describe the clinical applications of topical melatonin to treat or prevent skin disorders by exploiting its antioxidant and anti-inflammatory activities. This review focuses on the clinical studies in which melatonin was applied on the skin as a photoprotective, anti-aging, or hair growth-promoting agent. The methodologies and results of such studies are discussed to provide an overall picture of the state of the art in this intriguing field of research. The clinical studies in which melatonin was applied on the skin before exposure to radiation (UV, sunlight, and high-energy beams) were all characterized by an appropriate design (randomized, double-blind, and placebo-controlled) and strongly support its clinical efficacy in preventing or reducing skin damage such as dermatitis, erythema, and sunburn. Most of the studies examined in this review do not provide a clear demonstration of the efficacy of topical melatonin as a skin anti-aging or as a hair growth-promoting agent owing to limitations in their design and\/or to the use of melatonin combined with extra active ingredients, except for one trial that suggests a possible beneficial role of melatonin in treating some forms of alopecia in women. Further research efforts are required to reach definitive conclusions concerning the actual benefits of topical melatonin to counteract skin aging and hair loss.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105167","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T03:21:04Z","timestamp":1715311264000},"page":"5167","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":23,"title":["Clinical Studies Using Topical Melatonin"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4632-4620","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Greco","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1406-6214","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ritamaria","family":"Di Lorenzo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-7479-6289","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Ricci","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-2556-7827","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Teresa","family":"Di Serio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-2451-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eleonora","family":"Vardaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1173-1592","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sonia","family":"Laneri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Dipartimento di Farmacia, Universit\u00e0 degli Studi di Napoli Federico II, Via Domenico Montesano, 49, 80131 Napoli, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,9]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.2174\/1570159X14666161228122115","article-title":"Melatonin: Pharmacology, Functions and Therapeutic Benefits","volume":"15","author":"Tordjman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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