{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T21:17:25Z","timestamp":1790803045958,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715299200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"F002 Support for scientific, technological, and innovation activities, the Zacatecas Council of Science","award":["1084935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1084935"]}]},{"name":"Consejo Nacional de Humanidades Ciencias y Tecnolog\u00edas (CONAHCyT)","award":["1084935"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["1084935"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The human microbiome exists throughout the body, and it is essential for maintaining various physiological processes, including immunity, and dysbiotic events, which are associated with autoimmunity. Peptidylarginine deiminase (PAD) enzymes can citrullinate self-proteins related to rheumatoid arthritis (RA) that induce the production of anti-citrullinated protein antibodies (ACPAs) and lead to inflammation and joint damage. The present investigation was carried out to demonstrate the expression of homologs of PADs or arginine deiminases (ADs) and citrullinated proteins in members of the human microbiota. To achieve the objective, we used 17 microbial strains and specific polyclonal antibodies (pAbs) of the synthetic peptide derived from residues 100\u2013200 of human PAD2 (anti-PAD2 pAb), and the recombinant fragment of amino acids 326 and 611 of human PAD4 (anti-PAD4 pAb), a human anti-citrulline pAb, and affinity ACPAs of an RA patient. Western blot (WB), enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), elution, and a test with Griess reagent were used. This is a cross-sectional case\u2013control study on patients diagnosed with RA and control subjects. Inferential statistics were applied using the non-parametric Kruskal\u2013Wallis test and Mann\u2013Whitney U test generated in the SPSS program. Some members of phyla Firmicutes and Proteobacteria harbor homologs of PADs\/ADs and citrullinated antigens that are reactive to the ACPAs of RA patients. Microbial citrullinome and homolog enzymes of PADs\/ADs are extensive in the human microbiome and are involved in the production of ACPAs. Our findings suggest a molecular link between microorganisms of a dysbiotic microbiota and RA pathogenesis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105192","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]],"date-time":"2024-05-10T05:25:47Z","timestamp":1715318747000},"page":"5192","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Protein Citrullination by Peptidyl Arginine Deiminase\/Arginine Deiminase Homologs in Members of the Human Microbiota and Its Recognition by Anti-Citrullinated Protein Antibodies"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mar\u00eda-Elena","family":"P\u00e9rez-P\u00e9rez","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD in Basic Science with Biological Orientation, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, Zacatecas 98615, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Enrique","family":"Nieto-Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Academic Unit of Human Medicine and Health Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98160, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9767-4834","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Juan-Jos\u00e9","family":"Bollain-y-Goytia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD in Basic Science with Biological Orientation, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico"},{"name":"Department of Immunology and Molecular Biology, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Guadalupe, Zacatecas 98615, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luc\u00eda","family":"Delgadillo-Ru\u00edz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"PhD in Basic Science with Biological Orientation, Academic Unit of Biological Sciences, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Zacatecas, Zacatecas 98066, Mexico"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,10]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"7","article-title":"\u2018Ome sweet\u2019Omics\u2013A genealogical treasury of words","volume":"15","author":"Lederberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"Scientist"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2147","DOI":"10.1007\/s00203-020-01931-x","article-title":"Human microbiome: An academic update on human body site specific surveillance and its possible role","volume":"202","author":"Dekaboruah","year":"2020","journal-title":"Arch. 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