{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T02:45:37Z","timestamp":1790390737990,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":160,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Dopamine is a key neurotransmitter involved in physiological processes such as motor control, motivation, reward, cognitive function, and maternal and reproductive behaviors. Therefore, dysfunctions of the dopaminergic system are related to a plethora of human diseases. Dopamine, via different circuitries implicated in compulsive behavior, reward, and habit formation, also represents a key player in substance use disorder and the formation and perpetuation of mechanisms leading to addiction. Here, we propose dopamine as a model not only of neurotransmission but also of neuromodulation capable of modifying neuronal architecture. Abuse of substances like methamphetamine, cocaine, and alcohol and their consumption over time can induce changes in neuronal activities. These modifications lead to synaptic plasticity and finally to morphological and functional changes, starting from maladaptive neuro-modulation and ending in neurodegeneration.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105293","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:03:08Z","timestamp":1715673788000},"page":"5293","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Dopamine Pharmacodynamics: New Insights"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Fulvio","family":"Lauretani","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Cognitive and Motor Center, Medicine and Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department of Parma, University-Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4119-9397","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Giallauria","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8360-5173","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Crescenzo","family":"Testa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Claudia","family":"Zinni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Beatrice","family":"Lorenzi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7048-080X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irene","family":"Zucchini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6798-2948","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Salvi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3366-2321","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Raffaele","family":"Napoli","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Translational Medical Sciences, \u201cFederico II\u201d University of Naples, via S. Pansini 5, 80131 Naples, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marcello Giuseppe","family":"Maggio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Geriatric Clinic Unit, Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department, University Hospital, 43126 Parma, Italy"},{"name":"Cognitive and Motor Center, Medicine and Geriatric-Rehabilitation Department of Parma, University-Hospital of Parma, 43126 Parma, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1200","DOI":"10.1038\/1801200a0","article-title":"3,4-Dihydroxyphenylalanine and 5-hydroxytryptophan as reserpine antagonists","volume":"180","author":"Carlsson","year":"1957","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"471","DOI":"10.1126\/science.127.3296.471.a","article-title":"On the presence of 3-hydroxytyramine in brain","volume":"127","author":"Carlsson","year":"1958","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauretani, F., Testa, C., Salvi, M., Zucchini, I., Lorenzi, B., Tagliaferri, S., Cattabiani, C., and Maggio, M. (2022). Reward System Dysfunction and the Motoric-Cognitive Risk Syndrome in Older Persons. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040808"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1378","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abn0532","article-title":"An action potential initiation mechanism in distal axons for the control of dopamine release","volume":"375","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauretani, F., Ruffini, L., Testa, C., Salvi, M., Scarlattei, M., Baldari, G., Zucchini, I., Lorenzi, B., Cattabiani, C., and Maggio, M. (2021). Cognitive and Behavior Deficits in Parkinson\u2019s Disease with Alteration of FDG-PET Irrespective of Age. Geriatrics, 6.","DOI":"10.3390\/geriatrics6040110"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"942","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biocel.2004.09.009","article-title":"Dopaminergic neurons","volume":"37","author":"Chinta","year":"2005","journal-title":"Int. J. Biochem Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"R817","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cub.2022.06.060","article-title":"Dopamine","volume":"32","author":"Costa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"853","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00023.2014","article-title":"Neuronal Reward and Decision Signals: From Theories to Data","volume":"95","author":"Schultz","year":"2015","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-018-0632-3","article-title":"Dopamine: Functions, Signaling, and Association with Neurological Diseases","volume":"39","author":"Klein","year":"2019","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_10","first-page":"602","article-title":"Dopamine receptor pharmacology","volume":"6","author":"Seeman","year":"1993","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurol. Neurosurg."},{"key":"ref_11","first-page":"713","article-title":"G protein-coupled receptor-associated sorting proteins: Function and relevant disorders","volume":"42","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Yi Chuan"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165","DOI":"10.1081\/RRS-200029981","article-title":"Dopamine receptor signaling","volume":"24","author":"Neve","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal. Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2013.10.001","article-title":"Neurophysiology of HCN channels: From cellular functions to multiple regulations","volume":"112","author":"He","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"211","DOI":"10.1002\/ajmg.b.32578","article-title":"The dopamine transporter role in psychiatric phenotypes","volume":"177","author":"Rohde","year":"2018","journal-title":"Am. J. Med. Genet. Part B Neuropsychiatr. Genet."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"231","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-6147(90)90249-8","article-title":"Dopamine receptor subtypes: Beyond the D1\/D2 classification","volume":"11","author":"Andersen","year":"1990","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"625","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-022-01809-y","article-title":"D1 receptor-expressing neurons in ventral tegmental area alleviate mouse anxiety-like behaviors via glutamatergic projection to lateral septum","volume":"28","author":"Tong","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101241","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmet.2021.101241","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor agonist, bromocriptine, remodels adipose tissue dopaminergic signalling and upregulates catabolic pathways, improving metabolic profile in type 2 diabetes","volume":"51","author":"Tavares","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"77","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2004.12.033","article-title":"The role of central dopamine D3 receptors in drug addiction: A review of pharmacological evidence","volume":"49","author":"Heidbreder","year":"2005","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1102","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.12358","article-title":"The role of dopamine D2, but not D3 or D4, receptor subtypes, in quinpirole-induced inhibition of the cardioaccelerator sympathetic outflow in pithed rats","volume":"170","year":"2013","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"241","DOI":"10.2174\/187152507781058708","article-title":"Regulation of blood pressure by D5 dopamine receptors","volume":"5","author":"Zeng","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Hematol. Agents Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"36","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1749-6632.2003.tb07461.x","article-title":"Midbrain dopaminergic neurons: Determination of their developmental fate by transcription factors","volume":"991","author":"Simon","year":"2003","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1081\/RRS-200032088","article-title":"Dopamine receptor microdomains involved in molecular recognition and the regulation of drug affinity and function","volume":"24","author":"Floresca","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Recept. Signal Transduct. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1534","DOI":"10.1021\/acschemneuro.2c00033","article-title":"Effectiveness and Relationship between Biased and Unbiased Measures of Dopamine Release and Clearance","volume":"13","author":"Everett","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101","DOI":"10.1007\/978-3-031-21054-9_4","article-title":"Discovery and Development of Monoamine Transporter Ligands","volume":"30","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Adv. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1016\/S0959-4388(97)80007-4","article-title":"Dopamine neurons and their role in reward mechanisms","volume":"7","author":"Schultz","year":"1997","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1038\/s41593-023-01368-7","article-title":"Cell and circuit complexity of the external globus pallidus","volume":"26","author":"Courtney","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"968","DOI":"10.1038\/nn1103","article-title":"Afferent modulation of dopamine neuron firing differentially regulates tonic and phasic dopamine transmission","volume":"6","author":"Floresco","year":"2003","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"a039628","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a039628","article-title":"Neural Substrates and Circuits of Drug Addiction","volume":"11","author":"Feltenstein","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2005.04.016","article-title":"The mesolimbic dopamine system: The final common pathway for the reinforcing effect of drugs of abuse?","volume":"30","author":"Pierce","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63425-2.00009-X","article-title":"Alcohol: Mechanisms along the mesolimbic dopamine system","volume":"211","author":"Engel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2018.12.004","article-title":"Schizophrenia, Dopamine and the Striatum: From Biology to Symptoms","volume":"42","author":"McCutcheon","year":"2019","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1359","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-010-0454-z","article-title":"Postsynaptic nigrostriatal dopamine receptors and their role in movement regulation","volume":"117","author":"Korchounov","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_33","first-page":"49","article-title":"The nigrostriatal pathway: Axonal collateralization and compartmental specificity","volume":"73","author":"Prensa","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Neural. Transm. Suppl."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135","DOI":"10.1037\/bne0000189","article-title":"Partial lesion of the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway in rats impairs egocentric learning but not spatial learning or behavioral flexibility","volume":"131","author":"Young","year":"2017","journal-title":"Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"187","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejphar.2004.07.024","article-title":"Striatal dopamine D2 receptors in modulation of pain in humans: A review","volume":"500","author":"Hagelberg","year":"2004","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhr107","article-title":"The glutamatergic component of the mesocortical pathway emanating from different subregions of the ventral midbrain","volume":"22","author":"Gorelova","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1177\/026988119701100205","article-title":"Dopamine, the prefrontal cortex and schizophrenia","volume":"11","author":"Knable","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Psychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1339","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-023-02437-1","article-title":"Mood and behavior regulation: Interaction of lithium and dopaminergic system","volume":"396","author":"Mohamadian","year":"2023","journal-title":"Naunyn-Schmiedeberg\u2019s Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"T101","DOI":"10.1530\/JOE-15-0213","article-title":"60 years of neuroendocrinology: The hypothalamo-prolactin axis","volume":"226","author":"Grattan","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"377","article-title":"Actions of typical and atypical antipsychotics on tuberoinfundibular dopamine neurons","volume":"25","author":"Gudelsky","year":"1989","journal-title":"Psychopharmacol. Bull."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"741","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn.2017.130","article-title":"The dopamine motive system: Implications for drug and food addiction","volume":"18","author":"Volkow","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1038\/s12276-020-00532-4","article-title":"Stress and the dopaminergic reward system","volume":"52","author":"Baik","year":"2020","journal-title":"Exp. Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1036","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyx056","article-title":"Dopamine System Dysregulation in Major Depressive Disorders","volume":"20","author":"Belujon","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15067","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2015.67","article-title":"Schizophrenia","volume":"1","author":"Kahn","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3242","DOI":"10.1093\/brain\/awt264","article-title":"Midbrain dopamine function in schizophrenia and depression: A post-mortem and positron emission tomographic imaging study","volume":"136","author":"Howes","year":"2013","journal-title":"Brain"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"450","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(19)33004-1","article-title":"Attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder","volume":"395","author":"Posner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S1","DOI":"10.1038\/538S1a","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s disease","volume":"538","author":"Grayson","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lauretani, F., Testa, C., Salvi, M., Zucchini, I., Giallauria, F., and Maggio, M. (2023). Clinical Evaluation of Sleep Disorders in Parkinson\u2019s Disease. Brain Sci., 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/brainsci13040609"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2019.22360","article-title":"Diagnosis and Treatment of Parkinson Disease: A Review","volume":"323","author":"Armstrong","year":"2020","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"327","DOI":"10.1001\/archpsyc.64.3.327","article-title":"The role of dopamine in the pathophysiology of depression","volume":"64","author":"Dunlop","year":"2007","journal-title":"Arch. Gen. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Morimoto, S., Takao, M., Hatsuta, H., Nishina, Y., Komiya, T., Sengoku, R., Nakano, Y., Uchino, A., Sumikura, H., and Saito, Y. (2017). Homovanillic acid and 5-hydroxyindole acetic acid as biomarkers for dementia with Lewy bodies and coincident Alzheimer\u2019s disease: An autopsy-confirmed study. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0171524"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2013.12.024","article-title":"Alzheimer disease: Epidemiology, diagnostic criteria, risk factors and biomarkers","volume":"88","author":"Reitz","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"235","DOI":"10.1016\/B978-0-444-63425-2.00010-6","article-title":"The role of dopamine in Huntington\u2019s disease","volume":"211","author":"Cepeda","year":"2014","journal-title":"Prog. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"The Huntington\u2019s Disease Collaborative Research Group (1993). A novel gene containing a trinucleotide repeat that is expanded and unstable on Huntington\u2019s disease chromosomes. Cell, 72, 971\u2013983.","DOI":"10.1016\/0092-8674(93)90585-E"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2009.06.008","article-title":"In vivo imaging of synaptic function in the central nervous system: I. Movement disorders and dementia","volume":"204","author":"Nikolaus","year":"2009","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/S0166-2236(00)01568-X","article-title":"Neuronal cell death in Huntington\u2019s disease: A potential role for dopamine","volume":"23","author":"Jakel","year":"2000","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2541","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.06-6533fje","article-title":"Dopamine enhances motor and neuropathological consequences of polyglutamine expanded huntingtin","volume":"20","author":"Cyr","year":"2006","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"52","DOI":"10.1126\/science.278.5335.52","article-title":"Drug abuse: Hedonic homeostatic dysregulation","volume":"278","author":"Koob","year":"1997","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.1016\/S0896-6273(00)80557-7","article-title":"Neuroscience of addiction","volume":"21","author":"Koob","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"305","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3939","article-title":"The dopamine theory of addiction: 40 years of highs and lows","volume":"16","author":"Nutt","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-psych-010418-103337","article-title":"Dopamine and Addiction","volume":"71","author":"Wise","year":"2020","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Psychol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wise, R.A., and Jordan, C.J. (2021). Dopamine, behavior, and addiction. J. Biomed Sci., 28.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12929-021-00779-7"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2440","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026617666170504100642","article-title":"Role of Dopamine Signaling in Drug Addiction","volume":"17","author":"Chen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3105","article-title":"Common cellular and molecular mechanisms in obesity and drug addiction","volume":"12","author":"Kenny","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"635","DOI":"10.1038\/nn.2519","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats","volume":"13","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nat. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"519","DOI":"10.5483\/BMBRep.2013.46.11.207","article-title":"Dopamine signaling in food addiction: Role of dopamine D2 receptors","volume":"46","author":"Baik","year":"2013","journal-title":"BMB Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e175","DOI":"10.1038\/tp.2012.103","article-title":"Short- and long-lasting behavioral and neurochemical adaptations: Relationship with patterns of cocaine administration and expectation of drug effects in rats","volume":"2","author":"Puig","year":"2012","journal-title":"Transl. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2115","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00014.2018","article-title":"The Neuroscience of Drug Reward and Addiction","volume":"99","author":"Volkow","year":"2019","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"557","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.mp.4001507","article-title":"Dopamine in drug abuse and addiction: Results from imaging studies and treatment implications","volume":"9","author":"Volkow","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"623","DOI":"10.1038\/nrn3111","article-title":"Transcriptional and epigenetic mechanisms of addiction","volume":"12","author":"Robison","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20","DOI":"10.1016\/j.coph.2004.08.011","article-title":"Synaptic plasticity and drug addiction","volume":"5","author":"Jones","year":"2005","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-3223(01)01269-0","article-title":"Decreased gray matter concentration in the insular, orbitofrontal, cingulate, and temporal cortices of cocaine patients","volume":"51","author":"Franklin","year":"2002","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27","DOI":"10.1021\/cn5002705","article-title":"Adaptations of presynaptic dopamine terminals induced by psychostimulant self-administration","volume":"6","author":"Siciliano","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"261","DOI":"10.2741\/S371","article-title":"Presynaptic dopamine modulation by stimulant self-administration","volume":"5","author":"Espana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Front. Biosci. (Sch. Ed.)"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1080\/00952990902825447","article-title":"Pharmacogenetic treatments for drug addiction: Cocaine, amphetamine and methamphetamine","volume":"35","author":"Haile","year":"2009","journal-title":"Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107573","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2020.107573","article-title":"Behavioral, neurobiological, and neurochemical mechanisms of ethanol self-administration: A translational review","volume":"212","author":"Vena","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1432","DOI":"10.1038\/s41386-020-00938-8","article-title":"Long-term alcohol consumption alters dorsal striatal dopamine release and regulation by D2 dopamine receptors in rhesus macaques","volume":"46","author":"Salinas","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuropsychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2934","DOI":"10.1038\/s41380-023-02064-5","article-title":"Ethanol inhibits dopamine uptake via organic cation transporter 3: Implications for ethanol and cocaine co-abuse","volume":"28","author":"Clauss","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2180","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.5540-10.2011","article-title":"Lyn Kinase Regulates Mesolimbic Dopamine Release: Implication for Alcohol Reward","volume":"31","author":"Gibb","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"701","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.2254-15.2016","article-title":"The First Alcohol Drink Triggers mTORC1-Dependent Synaptic Plasticity in Nucleus Accumbens Dopamine D1 Receptor Neurons","volume":"36","author":"Beckley","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"679","DOI":"10.1007\/s00213-006-0637-3","article-title":"Increased accumbal dopamine during daily alcohol consumption and subsequent aggressive behavior in rats","volume":"191","author":"Miczek","year":"2007","journal-title":"Psychopharmacology"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3698","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4394-15.2016","article-title":"Reversal of Alcohol-Induced Dysregulation in Dopamine Network Dynamics May Rescue Maladaptive Decision-making","volume":"36","author":"Schindler","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1685","DOI":"10.1097\/01.alc.0000179409.80370.25","article-title":"Moderate-Level Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Alters Striatal Dopamine System Function in Rhesus Monkeys","volume":"29","author":"Schneider","year":"2005","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_84","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1402","DOI":"10.1111\/acer.13406","article-title":"Role of the Dynorphin\/Kappa Opioid Receptor System in the Motivational Effects of Ethanol","volume":"41","author":"Anderson","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol. Clin. Exp. Res."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5959","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.4820-14.2015","article-title":"Voluntary Ethanol Intake Predicts \u03ba-Opioid Receptor Supersensitivity and Regionally Distinct Dopaminergic Adaptations in Macaques","volume":"35","author":"Siciliano","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, J.H., Karkhanis, A.N., Chen, R., Gioia, D., Lopez, M.F., Becker, H.C., McCool, B.A., and Jones, S.R. (2015). Supersensitive Kappa Opioid Receptors Promotes Ethanol Withdrawal-Related Behaviors and Reduce Dopamine Signaling in the Nucleus Accumbens. Int. J. Neuropsychopharmacol., 19.","DOI":"10.1093\/ijnp\/pyv127"},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rose, J.H., Karkhanis, A.N., Steiniger-Brach, B., and Jones, S.R. (2016). Distinct Effects of Nalmefene on Dopamine Uptake Rates and Kappa Opioid Receptor Activity in the Nucleus Accumbens Following Chronic Intermittent Ethanol Exposure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17081216"},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"760","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(16)00104-8","article-title":"Neurobiology of addiction: A neurocircuitry analysis","volume":"3","author":"Koob","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopsych.2012.01.027","article-title":"Endogenous Opioid Release in the Human Brain Reward System Induced by Acute Amphetamine Administration","volume":"72","author":"Colasanti","year":"2012","journal-title":"Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Matsumura, K., Nicot, A., Choi, I.B., Asokan, M., Le, N.N., Natividad, L.A., and Dobbs, L.K. (2023). Endogenous opioid system modulates conditioned cocaine reward in a sex-dependent manner. Addict. Biol., 28.","DOI":"10.1111\/adb.13328"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"684","DOI":"10.15288\/jsad.2016.77.684","article-title":"Genetics of Addiction: Future Focus on Gene \u00d7 Environment Interaction?","volume":"77","author":"Vink","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Stud. Alcohol Drugs"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"495","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psc.2012.03.010","article-title":"The genetic basis of addictive disorders","volume":"35","author":"Ducci","year":"2012","journal-title":"Psychiatr. Clin. North Am."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1038\/s41588-018-0307-5","article-title":"Association studies of up to 1.2 million individuals yield new insights into the genetic etiology of tobacco and alcohol use","volume":"51","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Nat. Genet."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122","DOI":"10.23736\/S0031-0808.21.04266-X","article-title":"Exercise for slowing the progression of atherosclerotic process: Effects on inflammatory markers","volume":"63","author":"Testa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Panminerva Medica"},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2019.07.007","article-title":"Exercise and substance abuse","volume":"147","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1622","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neubiorev.2013.06.011","article-title":"Exercise as a novel treatment for drug addiction: A neurobiological and stage-dependent hypothesis","volume":"37","author":"Lynch","year":"2013","journal-title":"Neurosci. Biobehav. Rev."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsat.2016.09.002","article-title":"Exercise as an Adjunctive Treatment for Substance Use Disorders: Rationale and Intervention Description","volume":"72","author":"Weinstock","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Subst. Abus. Treat."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1711","DOI":"10.1002\/bdr2.1182","article-title":"Neurobiology of substance use in adolescents and potential therapeutic effects of exercise for prevention and treatment of substance use disorders","volume":"109","author":"Nock","year":"2017","journal-title":"Birth Defects Res."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"473","DOI":"10.1007\/s00702-019-01987-0","article-title":"Dopamine in psychiatry: A historical perspective","volume":"126","author":"Foley","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Neural Transm."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2007.03.002","article-title":"Dopamine: 50 years in perspective","volume":"30","author":"Iversen","year":"2007","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.31887\/DCNS.2016.18.1\/wschultz","article-title":"Dopamine reward prediction error coding","volume":"18","author":"Schultz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Dialog- Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tins.2021.02.001","article-title":"Modulating the Neuromodulators: Dopamine, Serotonin, and the Endocannabinoid System","volume":"44","author":"Peters","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"ENEURO.0018-18.2019","DOI":"10.1523\/ENEURO.0018-18.2019","article-title":"The Role of Glutamatergic and Dopaminergic Neurons in the Periaqueductal Gray\/Dorsal Raphe: Separating Analgesia and Anxiety","volume":"6","author":"Taylor","year":"2019","journal-title":"Eneuro"},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pedersen, R., Johansson, J., Nordin, K., Rieckmann, A., W\u00e5hlin, A., Nyberg, L., B\u00e4ckman, L., and Salami, A. (2024). Dopamine D1-Receptor Organization Contributes to Functional Brain Architecture. J. Neurosci., 44.","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.0621-23.2024"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e09685","DOI":"10.7554\/eLife.09685","article-title":"Retroactive modulation of spike timing-dependent plasticity by dopamine","volume":"4","author":"Brzosko","year":"2015","journal-title":"Elife"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"80","DOI":"10.1038\/s41583-019-0253-y","article-title":"Mechanisms underlying gain modulation in the cortex","volume":"21","author":"Ferguson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1177\/107385840100700512","article-title":"Gain modulation in the central nervous system: Where behavior, neurophysiology, and computation meet","volume":"7","author":"Salinas","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neuroscientist"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pneurobio.2004.05.006","article-title":"The principal features and mechanisms of dopamine modulation in the prefrontal cortex","volume":"74","author":"Seamans","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_109","first-page":"37","article-title":"Insights into the role of dopamine receptor systems in learning and memory","volume":"18","author":"George","year":"2007","journal-title":"Rev. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14284","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.3114-11.2011","article-title":"Caudate dopamine D1 receptor density is associated with individual differences in frontoparietal connectivity during working memory","volume":"31","author":"Rieckmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2871","DOI":"10.1007\/s00429-019-01938-1","article-title":"Mapping the landscape of human dopamine D2\/3 receptors with [11C]raclopride","volume":"224","author":"Papenberg","year":"2019","journal-title":"Brain Struct Funct."},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroimage.2010.02.006","article-title":"The interrelationship of dopamine D2-like receptor availability in striatal and extrastriatal brain regions in healthy humans: A principal component analysis of [18F]fallypride binding","volume":"51","author":"Zald","year":"2010","journal-title":"NeuroImage"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3500","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2021.08.024","article-title":"A dopamine gradient controls access to distributed working memory in the large-scale monkey cortex","volume":"109","author":"Bliss","year":"2021","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7918","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1606309113","article-title":"Dopamine D2 receptor availability is linked to hippocampal-caudate functional connectivity and episodic memory","volume":"113","author":"Nyberg","year":"2016","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roffman, J.L., Tanner, A.S., Eryilmaz, H., Rodriguez-Thompson, A., Silverstein, N.J., Ho, N.F., Nitenson, A.Z., Chonde, D.B., Greve, D.N., and Abi-Dargham, A. (2016). Dopamine D1 signaling organizes network dynamics underlying working memory. Sci. Adv., 2.","DOI":"10.1126\/sciadv.1501672"},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"113107","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2023.113107","article-title":"Biphasic patterns of age-related differences in dopamine D1 receptors across the adult lifespan","volume":"42","author":"Johansson","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2023","DOI":"10.1093\/cercor\/bhq266","article-title":"Dopamine D1 Receptor Associations within and between Dopaminergic Pathways in Younger and Elderly Adults: Links to Cognitive Performance","volume":"21","author":"Rieckmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Cereb. Cortex"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Speranza, L., di Porzio, U., Viggiano, D., de Donato, A., and Volpicelli, F. (2021). Dopamine: The Neuromodulator of Long-Term Synaptic Plasticity, Reward and Movement Control. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10040735"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"46","DOI":"10.1016\/j.conb.2019.01.001","article-title":"Mechanisms and regulation of dopamine release","volume":"57","author":"Liu","year":"2019","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1176","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa2312323","article-title":"Trial of Lixisenatide in Early Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"390","author":"Meissner","year":"2024","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/S1474-4422(23)00378-2","article-title":"Safety, tolerability, and efficacy of NLY01 in early untreated Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"23","author":"McGarry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Lancet Neurol."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1664","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(17)31585-4","article-title":"Exenatide once weekly versus placebo in Parkinson\u2019s disease: A randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial","volume":"390","author":"Athauda","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_123","first-page":"1073","article-title":"Parkinson\u2019s Disease Drug Therapies in the Clinical Trial Pipeline: 2022 Update","volume":"12","author":"McFarthing","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Park. Dis."},{"key":"ref_124","first-page":"e159863","article-title":"Exenatide once weekly for alcohol use disorder investigated in a randomized, placebo-controlled clinical trial","volume":"7","author":"Klausen","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"819470","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.819470","article-title":"Possible Mechanisms Underlying the Effects of Glucagon-Like Peptide-1 Receptor Agonist on Cocaine Use Disorder","volume":"13","author":"Zhu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"374","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tips.2014.05.005","article-title":"The neural rejuvenation hypothesis of cocaine addiction","volume":"35","author":"Dong","year":"2014","journal-title":"Trends Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2569","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-199808030-00026","article-title":"Intrastriatal injection of dopamine results in DNA damage and apoptosis in rats","volume":"9","author":"Hattori","year":"1998","journal-title":"NeuroReport"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1124\/mol.56.2.254","article-title":"Intrastriatal dopamine injection induces apoptosis through oxidation-involved activation of transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB in rats","volume":"56","author":"Luo","year":"1999","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"278","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(96)01056-6","article-title":"Differential neurotoxicity induced by l-DOPA and dopamine in cultured striatal neurons","volume":"743","author":"Cheng","year":"1996","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"393","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-4547(19970215)47:4<393::AID-JNR4>3.0.CO;2-9","article-title":"Dopamine induces apoptosis in cultured rat striatal neurons; possible mechanism of D2-dopamine receptor neuron loss during aging","volume":"47","author":"Shinkai","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2406","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.1998.70062406.x","article-title":"Toxicity of dopamine to striatal neurons in vitro and potentiation of cell death by a mitochondrial inhibitor","volume":"70","author":"McLaughlin","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"C1498","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpcell.00088.2007","article-title":"Dopamine induces apoptosis in young, but not in neonatal, neurons via Ca2+-dependent signal","volume":"293","author":"Iwatsubo","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2887","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.08-08-02887.1988","article-title":"Catecholamine toxicity in cerebral cortex in dissociated cell culture","volume":"8","author":"Rosenberg","year":"1988","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-510X(91)90046-A","article-title":"Dopa and dopamine cause cultured neuronal death in the presence of iron","volume":"101","author":"Tanaka","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Neurol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1470","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1471-4159.1993.tb13642.x","article-title":"Toxic and protective effects of L-dopa on mesencephalic cell cultures","volume":"61","author":"Mytilineou","year":"1993","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1006\/exnr.1996.6374","article-title":"Mechanisms of dopamine-induced cell death in cultured rat forebrain neurons: Interactions with and differences from glutamate-induced cell death","volume":"143","author":"Hoyt","year":"1997","journal-title":"Exp. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3756","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.273.6.3756","article-title":"Dopamine induces apoptosis through an oxidation-involved SAPK\/JNK activation pathway","volume":"273","author":"Luo","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2296","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1471-4159.2000.0742296.x","article-title":"Dopamine-induced apoptosis is mediated by oxidative stress and Is enhanced by cyanide in differentiated PC12 cells","volume":"74","author":"Jones","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurochem."},{"key":"ref_139","first-page":"633","article-title":"Oxidative pathways for catecholamines in the genesis of neuromelanin and cytotoxic quinones","volume":"14","author":"Graham","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_140","first-page":"644","article-title":"Autoxidation versus covalent binding of quinones as the mechanism of toxicity of dopamine, 6-hydroxydopamine, and related compounds toward C1300 neuroblastoma cells in vitro","volume":"14","author":"Graham","year":"1978","journal-title":"Mol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1016\/S0197-0186(97)00031-4","article-title":"Free radicals and the pathobiology of brain dopamine systems","volume":"32","author":"Cadet","year":"1998","journal-title":"Neurochem. Int."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1965","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2004.02.015","article-title":"Dopamine toxicity involves mitochondrial complex I inhibition: Implications to dopamine-related neuropsychiatric disorders","volume":"67","author":"Zuk","year":"2004","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mcn.2003.10.002","article-title":"Bimodal induction of dopamine-mediated striatal neurotoxicity is mediated through both activation of D1 dopamine receptors and autoxidation","volume":"25","author":"Wersinger","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28089","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M303094200","article-title":"Chronic stimulation of D1 dopamine receptors in human SK-N-MC neuroblastoma cells induces nitric-oxide synthase activation and cytotoxicity","volume":"278","author":"Chen","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"392","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2009.03.060","article-title":"A single high dose of methamphetamine increases cocaine self-administration by depletion of striatal dopamine in rats","volume":"161","author":"Xi","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"254","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-8993(99)02087-9","article-title":"Methamphetamine administration causes overexpression of nNOS in the mouse striatum","volume":"851","author":"Deng","year":"1999","journal-title":"Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"607","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuroscience.2006.02.055","article-title":"Methamphetamine-induced cell death: Selective vulnerability in neuronal subpopulations of the striatum in mice","volume":"140","author":"Zhu","year":"2006","journal-title":"Neuroscience"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.brainresrev.2009.03.002","article-title":"Methamphetamine toxicity and messengers of death","volume":"60","author":"Krasnova","year":"2009","journal-title":"Brain Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"868","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.0404990102","article-title":"Calcineurin\/NFAT-induced up-regulation of the Fas ligand\/Fas death pathway is involved in methamphetamine-induced neuronal apoptosis","volume":"102","author":"Jayanthi","year":"2005","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1519","DOI":"10.1007\/s00204-023-03505-4","article-title":"Substance abuse and neurodegenerative diseases: Focus on ferroptosis","volume":"97","author":"Guo","year":"2023","journal-title":"Arch. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"256","DOI":"10.2174\/15672026113109990004","article-title":"Alcoholism and its effects on the central nervous system","volume":"10","author":"Mukherjee","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Neurovascular Res."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"900","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.2510","article-title":"Toll-like receptors in neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and alcohol-induced brain damage","volume":"73","author":"Pascual","year":"2021","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.3233\/JAD-215508","article-title":"Chronic Alcohol Exposure Alters Gene Expression and Neurodegeneration Pathways in the Brain of Adult Mice","volume":"86","author":"Liu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Alzheimer\u2019s Dis."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1885","DOI":"10.1007\/s10571-022-01308-2","article-title":"Detrimental Effects of Alcohol-Induced Inflammation on Brain Health: From Neurogenesis to Neurodegeneration","volume":"43","author":"Anand","year":"2023","journal-title":"Cell. Mol. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_155","first-page":"151","article-title":"Alcohol and Alzheimer\u2019s Disease-Does Alcohol Dependence Contribute to Beta-Amyloid Deposition, Neuroinflammation and Neurodegeneration in Alzheimer\u2019s Disease?","volume":"52","author":"Venkataraman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Alcohol Alcohol."},{"key":"ref_156","first-page":"103","article-title":"The effects of alcohol on cognition in the elderly: From protection to neurodegeneration","volume":"26","author":"Sinforiani","year":"2011","journal-title":"Funct. Neurol."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.irn.2024.02.003","article-title":"Alcohol and the dopamine system","volume":"175","author":"Ericson","year":"2024","journal-title":"Int. Rev. Neurobiol."},{"key":"ref_158","first-page":"127","article-title":"Neurocircuitry involved in the development of alcohol addiction: The dopamine system and its access points","volume":"13","author":"Ericson","year":"2013","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Behav. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1175","DOI":"10.1038\/s41467-022-28735-5","article-title":"Associations between alcohol consumption and gray and white matter volumes in the UK Biobank","volume":"13","author":"Daviet","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Commun."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2254771","DOI":"10.1001\/jamanetworkopen.2022.54771","article-title":"Changes in Alcohol Consumption and Risk of Dementia in a Nationwide Cohort in South Korea","volume":"6","author":"Jeon","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA Netw. Open"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/10\/5293\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:26Z","timestamp":1760107286000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/10\/5293"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":160,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25105293"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25105293","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]}}}