{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,26]],"date-time":"2026-09-26T19:25:44Z","timestamp":1790450744033,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":60,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]],"date-time":"2024-05-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715558400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Czech Science Foundation","award":["21-04420S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-04420S"]}]},{"name":"Czech Science Foundation","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004562"]}]},{"name":"OPJAK","award":["21-04420S"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["21-04420S"]}]},{"name":"OPJAK","award":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004562"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CZ.02.01.01\/00\/22_008\/0004562"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>In this study, spherical or hexagonal NaYF4:Yb,Er nanoparticles (UCNPs) with sizes of 25 nm (S-UCNPs) and 120 nm (L-UCNPs) were synthesized by high-temperature coprecipitation and subsequently modified with three kinds of polymers. These included poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) and poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide-co-2-aminoethylacrylamide) [P(DMA-AEA)] terminated with an alendronate anchoring group, and poly(methyl vinyl ether-co-maleic acid) (PMVEMA). The internalization of nanoparticles by rat mesenchymal stem cells (rMSCs) and C6 cancer cells (rat glial tumor cell line) was visualized by electron microscopy and the cytotoxicity of the UCNPs and their leaches was measured by the real-time proliferation assay. The comet assay was used to determine the oxidative damage of the UCNPs. An in vivo study on mice determined the elimination route and potential accumulation of UCNPs in the body. The results showed that the L- and S-UCNPs were internalized into cells in the lumen of endosomes. The proliferation assay revealed that the L-UCNPs were less toxic than S-UCNPs. The viability of rMSCs incubated with particles decreased in the order S-UCNP@Ale-(PDMA-AEA) &gt; S-UCNP@Ale-PEG &gt; S-UCNPs &gt; S-UCNP@PMVEMA. Similar results were obtained in C6 cells. The oxidative damage measured by the comet assay showed that neat L-UCNPs caused more oxidative damage to rMSCs than all coated UCNPs while no difference was observed in C6 cells. An in vivo study indicated that L-UCNPs were eliminated from the body via the hepatobiliary route; L-UCNP@Ale-PEG particles were almost eliminated from the liver 96 h after intravenous application. Pilot fluorescence imaging confirmed the limited in vivo detection capabilities of the nanoparticles.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105294","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:03:08Z","timestamp":1715673788000},"page":"5294","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":17,"title":["Toxicity of Large and Small Surface-Engineered Upconverting Nanoparticles for In Vitro and In Vivo Bioapplications"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7622-5837","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lucia","family":"Machov\u00e1 Urdz\u00edkov\u00e1","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dana","family":"Marekov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3762-5624","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Taras","family":"Vasylyshyn","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1m. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9353-5842","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Petr","family":"Matou\u0161","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovsk\u00e1 3, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Vitalii","family":"Patsula","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1m. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Viktoriia","family":"Oleksa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1m. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0588-6256","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Oleksandr","family":"Shapoval","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1m. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9403-8688","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magda","family":"Vosmansk\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Analytical Chemistry, University of Chemistry and Technology, Technick\u00e1 5, 16000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Liebl","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Methods Core Facility, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 595, 25250 Vestec-Jesenice u Prahy, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5829-8362","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ale\u0161","family":"Benda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Imaging Methods Core Facility, BIOCEV, Faculty of Science, Charles University, Pr\u016fmyslov\u00e1 595, 25250 Vestec-Jesenice u Prahy, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1775-2394","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"V\u00edt","family":"Herynek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Advanced Preclinical Imaging, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, Salmovsk\u00e1 3, 12000 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6907-9701","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Daniel","family":"Hor\u00e1k","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Macromolecular Chemistry, Czech Academy of Sciences, Heyrovsk\u00e9ho n\u00e1m. 2, 16200 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4644-9212","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavla","family":"Jendelov\u00e1","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Experimental Medicine, Czech Academy of Sciences, V\u00edde\u0148sk\u00e1 1083, 14220 Prague, Czech Republic"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, C.W., and Park, D.J. (2021). Development of Er3+, Yb3+ Co-Doped Y2O3 NPs According to Yb3+ Concentration by LP-PLA Method: Potential Further Biosensor. Biosensors, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/bios11050150"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"213042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2019.213042","article-title":"Upconversion and downconversion nanoparticles for biophotonics and nanomedicine","volume":"400","author":"Loo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Coordin. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1021\/cr020357g","article-title":"Upconversion and anti-stokes processes with f and d ions in solids","volume":"104","author":"Auzel","year":"2004","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"29","DOI":"10.1021\/acscentsci.8b00827","article-title":"Energy-Transfer Editing in Lanthanide-Activated Upconversion Nanocrystals: A Toolbox for Emerging Applications","volume":"5","author":"Qin","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Cent. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1803474","DOI":"10.1002\/adma.201803474","article-title":"Expanding the Toolbox of Upconversion Nanoparticles for In Vivo Optogenetics and Neuromodulation","volume":"31","author":"All","year":"2019","journal-title":"Adv. Mater."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5161","DOI":"10.1021\/cr400425h","article-title":"Upconversion Nanoparticles: Design, Nanochemistry, and Applications in Theranostics","volume":"114","author":"Chen","year":"2014","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"548","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.8b04049","article-title":"Upconversion Nanoprobes: Recent Advances in Sensing Applications","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1039\/C7TB02527K","article-title":"Recent progress in upconversion luminescence nanomaterials for biomedical applications","volume":"6","author":"Duan","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem. B"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S109","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq372","article-title":"The New Toxicology of Sophisticated Materials: Nanotoxicology and Beyond","volume":"120","author":"Maynard","year":"2011","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nampi, P.P., Vakurov, A., Saha, S., Jose, G., and Millner, P.A. (2022). Surface modified hexagonal upconversion nanoparticles for the development of competitive assay for biodetection. Biomater. Adv., 136.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bioadv.2022.212763"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"656","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jpcc.6b09301","article-title":"Disintegration of Hexagonal NaYF4:Yb3+,Er3+ Upconverting Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media: The Role of Fluoride in Solubility Equilibrium","volume":"121","author":"Lahtinen","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. C"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"27393","DOI":"10.1039\/C5RA00902B","article-title":"Dissolution of upconverting fluoride nanoparticles in aqueous suspensions","volume":"5","author":"Lisjak","year":"2015","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8222","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.6b02675","article-title":"Dissolution Mechanism of Upconverting AYF:Yb,Tm (A = Na or K) Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media","volume":"32","author":"Lisjak","year":"2016","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6975","DOI":"10.1039\/C7DT00529F","article-title":"Amphiphilic coatings for the protection of upconverting nanoparticles against dissolution in aqueous media","volume":"46","author":"Plohl","year":"2017","journal-title":"Dalton Trans."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15904","DOI":"10.1039\/C8NR03892A","article-title":"Time-dependent luminescence loss for individual upconversion nanoparticles upon dilution in aqueous solution","volume":"10","author":"Dukhno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ding, Y.C., Tian, Y.T., Zeng, Z.Y., Shuai, P., Lan, H.Y., Zhu, X.S., Zhong, Y., Wu, L.H., and Fan, X.N. (2017). YCl3 Promotes Neuronal Cell Death by Inducing Apoptotic Pathways in Rats. BioMed Res. Int., 2017.","DOI":"10.1155\/2017\/2183658"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12123","DOI":"10.1021\/la802343f","article-title":"Synthesis of Hexagonal-Phase Core-Shell NaYF4 Nanocrystals with Tunable Upconversion Fluorescence","volume":"24","author":"Qian","year":"2008","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"847","DOI":"10.1021\/nl070235+","article-title":"Synthesis of colloidal upconverting NaYF4: Er3+\/Yb3+ and Tm3+\/Yb3+ monodisperse nanocrystals","volume":"7","author":"Boyer","year":"2007","journal-title":"Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7976","DOI":"10.1002\/anie.200702519","article-title":"Uniform nanostructured arrays of sodium rare-earth fluorides for highly efficient multicolor upconversion luminescence","volume":"46","author":"Zhang","year":"2007","journal-title":"Angew. Chem. Int. Ed."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1993","DOI":"10.1039\/b927225a","article-title":"Size and shape evolution of upconverting nanoparticles using microwave assisted synthesis","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Crystengcomm"},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1186\/1556-276X-6-539","article-title":"Synthesis of NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ upconversion nanoparticles in normal microemulsions","volume":"6","author":"Shan","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nanoscale Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2969","DOI":"10.1021\/nn2042362","article-title":"Core\/shell NaGdF4:Nd3+\/NaGdF4 nanocrystals with efficient near-infrared to near-infrared downconversion photoluminescence for bioimaging applications","volume":"6","author":"Chen","year":"2012","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3770","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-07630-5","article-title":"Stability, dissolution, and cytotoxicity of NaYF4-upconversion nanoparticles with different coatings","volume":"12","author":"Bastos","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123961","DOI":"10.1016\/j.polymer.2021.123961","article-title":"Photo- and pH-responsive drug delivery nanocomposite based on -nitrobenzyl functionalized upconversion nanoparticles","volume":"229","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Polymer"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ccr.2018.03.007","article-title":"Tailored lanthanide-doped upconversion nanoparticles and their promising bioapplication prospects","volume":"364","author":"Sun","year":"2018","journal-title":"Coordin. Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5093","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.langmuir.9b00238","article-title":"Surface Modifications for Photon-Upconversion-Based Energy-Transfer Nanoprobes","volume":"35","author":"Andresen","year":"2019","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5212","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-41482-w","article-title":"Mass production of poly(ethylene glycol) monooleate-modified core-shell structured upconversion nanoparticles for bio-imaging and photodynamic therapy","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4861","DOI":"10.1039\/c2jm16112e","article-title":"Amphiphilic chitosan modified upconversion nanoparticles for photodynamic therapy induced by near-infrared light","volume":"22","author":"Cui","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Mater. Chem."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2018.04.037","article-title":"Non-invasive through-skull brain vascular imaging and small tumor diagnosis based on NIR-II emissive lanthanide nanoprobes beyond 1500 nm","volume":"171","author":"Xue","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1501","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.analchem.6b03223","article-title":"Ratiometric Sensing and Imaging of Intracellular pH Using Polyethylenimine-Coated Photon Upconversion Nanoprobes","volume":"89","author":"Deguchi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anal. Chem."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"771","DOI":"10.1039\/b9nr00379g","article-title":"Facile ligand-exchange with polyvinylpyrrolidone and subsequent silica coating of hydrophobic upconverting \u03b2-NaYF4:Yb3+\/Er3+ nanoparticles","volume":"2","author":"Johnson","year":"2010","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18014","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-017-16948-4","article-title":"Fabrication of pH-responsive PLGA(UCNPs\/DOX) nanocapsules with upconversion luminescence for drug delivery","volume":"7","author":"Zhao","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1403","DOI":"10.1039\/C4NR05954A","article-title":"Water dispersible upconverting nanoparticles: Effects of surface modification on their luminescence and colloidal stability","volume":"7","author":"Wilhelm","year":"2015","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4842","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA13765F","article-title":"Systematic investigation of functional ligands for colloidal stable upconversion nanoparticles","volume":"8","author":"Duong","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1526","DOI":"10.1039\/C4CS00186A","article-title":"Surface modification and characterization of photon-upconverting nanoparticles for bioanalytical applications","volume":"44","author":"Sedlmeier","year":"2015","journal-title":"Chem. Soc. Rev."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"243","DOI":"10.1007\/s40089-017-0221-3","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo toxicity assessment of nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Kumar","year":"2017","journal-title":"Int. Nano Lett."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"362","DOI":"10.1016\/j.addr.2009.11.008","article-title":"Better safe than sorry: Understanding the toxicological properties of inorganic nanoparticles manufactured for biomedical applications","volume":"62","author":"Fadeel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Adv. Drug Deliv. Rev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nantod.2011.02.003","article-title":"Endocytosis and intracellular transport of nanoparticles: Present knowledge and need for future studies","volume":"6","author":"Iversen","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nano Today"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahorniak, M., Oleksa, V., Vasylyshyn, T., Pop-Georgievski, O., Rydvalov\u00e1, E., Filipov\u00e1, M., and Hor\u00e1k, D. (2023). Cytotoxicity Evaluation of Photosensitizer-Conjugated Hexagonal Upconverting Nanoparticles. Nanomaterials, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nano13091535"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nahorniak, M., Patsula, V., Marekov\u00e1, D., Matous, P., Shapoval, O., Oleksa, V., Vosmansk\u00e1, M., Urdzikov\u00e1, L.M., Jendelov\u00e1, P., and Herynek, V. (2023). Chemical and Colloidal Stability of Polymer-Coated NaYF4:Yb,Er Nanoparticles in Aqueous Media and Viability of Cells: The Effect of a Protective Coating. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24032724"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1207984","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2023.1207984","article-title":"Polymer-coated hexagonal upconverting nanoparticles: Chemical stability and cytotoxicity","volume":"11","author":"Patsula","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1039\/C4PY01356E","article-title":"Antibiofouling polymer interfaces: Poly(ethylene glycol) and other promising candidates","volume":"6","author":"Lowe","year":"2015","journal-title":"Polym. Chem."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21373","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-00845-y","article-title":"Poly(N,N-dimethylacrylamide)-coated upconverting NaYF4:Yb,Er@NaYF4:Nd core-shell nanoparticles for fluorescent labeling of carcinoma cells","volume":"11","author":"Oleksa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12589","DOI":"10.1039\/D0NR02931A","article-title":"Time-resolved luminescence spectroscopy for monitoring the stability and dissolution behaviour of upconverting nanocrystals with different surface coatings","volume":"12","author":"Andresen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nanoscale"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19318","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-76116-z","article-title":"Assessing the protective effects of different surface coatings on NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ upconverting nanoparticles in buffer and DMEM","volume":"10","author":"Saleh","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7838","DOI":"10.1021\/nn201896m","article-title":"Polymer-Coated NaYF4:Yb3+, Er3+ Upconversion Nanoparticles for Charge-Dependent Cellular Imaging","volume":"5","author":"Jin","year":"2011","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5260","DOI":"10.1039\/C8SC01828F","article-title":"The morphology and surface charge-dependent cellular uptake efficiency of upconversion nanostructures revealed by single-particle optical microscopy","volume":"9","author":"Zhang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Sci."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2001831","DOI":"10.1002\/advs.202001831","article-title":"Controllable Assembly of Upconversion Nanoparticles Enhanced Tumor Cell Penetration and Killing Efficiency","volume":"7","author":"Zhang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Sci."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2008.07.012","article-title":"Biocompatibility of silica coated NaYF4 upconversion fluorescent nanocrystals","volume":"29","author":"Jalil","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"937","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biomaterials.2007.10.051","article-title":"Upconversion fluorescence imaging of cells and small animals using lanthanide doped nanocrystals","volume":"29","author":"Chatteriee","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biomaterials"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8167","DOI":"10.1021\/la501595f","article-title":"Potential Toxicity of Up-Converting Nanoparticles Encapsulated with a Bilayer Formed by Ligand Attraction","volume":"30","author":"Das","year":"2014","journal-title":"Langmuir"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Malvindi, M.A., De Matteis, V., Galeone, A., Brunetti, V., Anyfantis, G.C., Athanassiou, A., Cingolani, R., and Pompa, P.P. (2014). Toxicity Assessment of Silica Coated Iron Oxide Nanoparticles and Biocompatibility Improvement by Surface Engineering. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0085835"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1150","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3160","article-title":"Intracellular calcium levels as screening tool for nanoparticle toxicity","volume":"35","author":"Meindl","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.1007\/s40495-016-0050-5","article-title":"Oxidative stress under ambient and physiological oxygen tension in tissue culture","volume":"2","author":"Jagannathan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Pharmacol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5785","DOI":"10.1021\/acsnano.9b01383","article-title":"Elimination Pathways of Nanoparticles","volume":"13","author":"Poon","year":"2019","journal-title":"ACS Nano"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1691","DOI":"10.1517\/17425255.2014.967679","article-title":"Effects of pharmaceutical PEGylation on drug metabolism and its clinical concerns","volume":"10","author":"Zhang","year":"2014","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Met."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3389\/fchem.2019.00218","article-title":"The Bioavailability, Biodistribution, and Toxic Effects of Silica-Coated Upconversion Nanoparticles","volume":"7","author":"Zhou","year":"2019","journal-title":"Front. Chem."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"767","DOI":"10.1002\/mrm.10585","article-title":"Imaging the fate of implanted bone marrow stromal cells labeled with superparamagnetic nanoparticles","volume":"50","author":"Jendelova","year":"2003","journal-title":"Magn. Reson. Med."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"331","DOI":"10.1093\/mutage\/geaa016","article-title":"The genotoxic effects in the leukocytes of workers handling nanocomposite materials","volume":"35","author":"Novotna","year":"2020","journal-title":"Mutagenesis"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2007.05.013","article-title":"Impact of air pollution and genotype variability on DNA damage in Prague policemen","volume":"172","author":"Novotna","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/10\/5294\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:41:27Z","timestamp":1760107287000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/10\/5294"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]},"references-count":60,"journal-issue":{"issue":"10","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25105294"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25105294","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,13]]}}}