{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,20]],"date-time":"2026-10-20T23:43:05Z","timestamp":1792539785489,"version":"4.5.0"},"reference-count":203,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715644800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Northern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HNF1343-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1343-17"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100007137","name":"Northern Norway Regional Health Authority","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["HNF1427-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1427-18"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100007137","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","award":["HNF1343-17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1343-17"]}]},{"name":"UiT The Arctic University of Norway","award":["HNF1427-18"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["HNF1427-18"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The pathogenesis of systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is linked to the differential roles of toll-like receptors (TLRs), particularly TLR7, TLR8, and TLR9. TLR7 overexpression or gene duplication, as seen with the Y-linked autoimmune accelerator (Yaa) locus or TLR7 agonist imiquimod, correlates with increased SLE severity, and specific TLR7 polymorphisms and gain-of-function variants are associated with enhanced SLE susceptibility and severity. In addition, the X-chromosome location of TLR7 and its escape from X-chromosome inactivation provide a genetic basis for female predominance in SLE. The absence of TLR8 and TLR9 have been shown to exacerbate the detrimental effects of TLR7, leading to upregulated TLR7 activity and increased disease severity in mouse models of SLE. The regulatory functions of TLR8 and TLR9 have been proposed to involve competition for the endosomal trafficking chaperone UNC93B1. However, recent evidence implies more direct, regulatory functions of TLR9 on TLR7 activity. The association between age-associated B cells (ABCs) and autoantibody production positions these cells as potential targets for treatment in SLE, but the lack of specific markers necessitates further research for precise therapeutic intervention. Therapeutically, targeting TLRs is a promising strategy for SLE treatment, with drugs like hydroxychloroquine already in clinical use.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105351","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]],"date-time":"2024-05-14T08:59:37Z","timestamp":1715677177000},"page":"5351","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":31,"title":["Human and Murine Toll-like Receptor-Driven Disease in Systemic Lupus Erythematosus"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4079-0655","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Susannah","family":"von Hofsten","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8356-2628","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kristin Andreassen","family":"Fenton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3768-9513","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hege Lynum","family":"Pedersen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Centre of Clinical Research and Education, University Hospital of North Norway, Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT The Arctic University of Norway, 9019 Troms\u00f8, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1151","DOI":"10.1136\/annrheumdis-2018-214819","article-title":"2019 European League Against Rheumatism\/American College of Rheumatology classification criteria for systemic lupus erythematosus","volume":"78","author":"Aringer","year":"2019","journal-title":"Ann. 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