{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:46:38Z","timestamp":1792086398998,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":191,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715904000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Corneal neovascularization can impair vision and result in a poor quality of life. The pathogenesis involves a complex interplay of angiogenic factors, notably vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF). This review provides a comprehensive overview of potential therapies for corneal neovascularization, covering tissue inhibitors of metalloproteinases (TIMPs), transforming growth factor beta (TGF-\u03b2) inhibitors, interleukin-1L receptor antagonist (IL-1 Ra), nitric oxide synthase (NOS) isoforms, galectin-3 inhibitors, retinal pigment epithelium-derived factor (PEDF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) receptor inhibitors, and surgical treatments. Conventional treatments include anti-VEGF therapy and laser interventions, while emerging therapies such as immunosuppressive drugs (cyclosporine and rapamycin) have been explored. Losartan and decorin are potential antifibrotic agents that mitigate TGF-\u03b2-induced fibrosis. Ocular nanosystems are innovative drug-delivery platforms that facilitate the targeted release of therapeutic agents. Gene therapies, such as small interfering RNA and antisense oligonucleotides, are promising approaches for selectively inhibiting angiogenesis-related gene expression. Aganirsen is efficacious in reducing the corneal neovascularization area without significant adverse effects. These multifaceted approaches underscore the corneal neovascularization management complexity and highlight ideas for enhancing therapeutic outcomes. Furthermore, the importance of combination therapies and the need for further research to develop specific inhibitors while considering their therapeutic efficacy and potential adverse effects are discussed.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105479","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]],"date-time":"2024-05-17T06:53:49Z","timestamp":1715928829000},"page":"5479","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":69,"title":["Available Therapeutic Options for Corneal Neovascularization: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"\u0141ukasz","family":"Drzyzga","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Ophthalmology Center Okolux, 40-754 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-3596-7970","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dorota","family":"\u015apiewak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Clinical Ophthalmology Center Okolux, 40-754 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Mariola","family":"Dorecka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dorota","family":"Wygl\u0119dowska-Promie\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Prof. K. Gibi\u0144ski University Clinical Center, Medical University of Silesia, 40-055 Katowice, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Faculty of Medical Sciences in Katowice, Medical University of Silesia, 40-514 Katowice, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,17]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/s40662-017-0094-6","article-title":"Therapeutic approaches for corneal neovascularization","volume":"4","author":"Feizi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Eye Vis."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15","DOI":"10.22336\/rjo.2019.4","article-title":"Corneal neovascularization: Updates on pathophysiology, investigations & management","volume":"63","author":"Sharif","year":"2019","journal-title":"Rom. J. 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