{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,21]],"date-time":"2026-03-21T21:16:12Z","timestamp":1774127772300,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":56,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"10","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]],"date-time":"2024-05-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1715990400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Universities Stable Funding Key Projects","award":["WDZC20200821104802001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200821104802001"]}]},{"name":"Universities Stable Funding Key Projects","award":["2020YFA0908900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0908900"]}]},{"name":"Universities Stable Funding Key Projects","award":["JCYJ20200109143018683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109143018683"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["WDZC20200821104802001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200821104802001"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020YFA0908900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0908900"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012166","name":"National Key R&amp;D Program of China","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["JCYJ20200109143018683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109143018683"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012166","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Research and Development Funds","award":["WDZC20200821104802001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200821104802001"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Research and Development Funds","award":["2020YFA0908900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0908900"]}]},{"name":"Shenzhen Science and Technology Research and Development Funds","award":["JCYJ20200109143018683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109143018683"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics","award":["WDZC20200821104802001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200821104802001"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics","award":["2020YFA0908900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0908900"]}]},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics","award":["JCYJ20200109143018683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109143018683"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering of Shenzhen Bay Laboratory","award":["WDZC20200821104802001"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["WDZC20200821104802001"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering of Shenzhen Bay Laboratory","award":["2020YFA0908900"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020YFA0908900"]}]},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering of Shenzhen Bay Laboratory","award":["JCYJ20200109143018683"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JCYJ20200109143018683"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The COVID-19 pandemic has made assessing vaccine efficacy more challenging. Besides neutralizing antibody assays, systems vaccinology studies use omics technology to reveal immune response mechanisms and identify gene signatures in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs). However, due to their low proportion in PBMCs, profiling the immune response signatures of dendritic cells (DCs) is difficult. Here, we develop a predictive model for evaluating early immune responses in dendritic cells. We establish a THP-1-derived dendritic cell (TDDC) model and stimulate their maturation in vitro with an optimal dose of attenuated yellow fever 17D (YF-17D). Transcriptomic analysis reveals that type I interferon (IFN-I)-induced immunity plays a key role in dendritic cells. IFN-I regulatory biomarkers (IRF7, SIGLEC1) and IFN-I-inducible biomarkers (IFI27, IFI44, IFIT1, IFIT3, ISG15, MX1, OAS2, OAS3) are identified and validated in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, we apply this TDDC approach to various types of vaccines, providing novel insights into their early immune response signatures and their heterogeneity in vaccine recipients. Our findings suggest that a standardizable TDDC model is a promising predictive approach to assessing early immunity in DCs. Further research into vaccine efficacy assessment approaches on various types of immune cells could lead to a systemic regimen for vaccine development in the future.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25105509","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,20]],"date-time":"2024-05-20T08:20:31Z","timestamp":1716193231000},"page":"5509","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Profiling of Early Immune Responses to Vaccination Using THP-1-Derived Dendritic Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Lei","family":"Ye","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518052, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Ping","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mingzhe","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Feng","family":"Wu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sanyang","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6610-5871","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lan","family":"Ma","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biopharmaceutical and Health Engineering, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Health Technology and Engineering, Shenzhen Bay Laboratory, Shenzhen 518052, China"},{"name":"State Key Laboratory of Chemical Oncogenomics, Tsinghua Shenzhen International Graduate School, Tsinghua University, Shenzhen 518055, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105778","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2020.105778","article-title":"One Year Update on the COVID-19 Pandemic: Where Are We Now?","volume":"214","author":"Mishra","year":"2021","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"845","DOI":"10.1038\/s41591-020-0897-1","article-title":"Antibody Responses to SARS-CoV-2 in Patients with COVID-19","volume":"26","author":"Long","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nat. 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