{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T19:16:07Z","timestamp":1791832567642,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":26,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716249600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004281","name":"National Science Centre (Poland)","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["2020\/37\/N\/NZ5\/02079"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2020\/37\/N\/NZ5\/02079"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004281","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Myocarditis is characterized by an influx of inflammatory cells, predominantly of myeloid lineage. The progression of myocarditis to a dilated cardiomyopathy is markedly influenced by TGF-\u03b2 signalling. Here, we investigate the role of TGF-\u03b2 signalling in inflammatory cardiac macrophages in the development of myocarditis and post-inflammatory fibrosis. Experimental autoimmune myocarditis (EAM) was induced in the LysM-Cre \u00d7 R26-stop-EYFP \u00d7 Tgfbr2-fl\/fl transgenic mice showing impaired TGF-\u03b2 signalling in the myeloid lineage and the LysM-Cre \u00d7 R26-stop-EYFP control mice. In EAM, immunization led to acute myocarditis on day 21, followed by cardiac fibrosis on day 40. Both strains showed a similar severity of myocarditis and the extent of cardiac fibrosis. On day 21 of EAM, an increase in cardiac inflammatory macrophages was observed in both strains. These cells were sorted and analysed for differential gene expression using whole-genome transcriptomics. The analysis revealed activation and regulation of the inflammatory response, particularly the production of both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and cytokine receptors as TGF-\u03b2-dependent processes. The analysis of selected cytokines produced by bone marrow-derived macrophages confirmed their suppressed secretion. In conclusion, our findings highlight the regulatory role of TGF-\u03b2 signalling in cytokine production within inflammatory cardiac macrophages during myocarditis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115579","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]],"date-time":"2024-05-21T05:40:47Z","timestamp":1716270047000},"page":"5579","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["TGF-\u03b2 Signalling Regulates Cytokine Production in Inflammatory Cardiac Macrophages during Experimental Autoimmune Myocarditis"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Karolina","family":"Tkacz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Filip","family":"Rolski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9885-7288","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Monika","family":"Stefa\u0144ska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5255-5436","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kazimierz","family":"W\u0119glarczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1327-6092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rafa\u0142","family":"Szatanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maciej","family":"Siedlar","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3788-4594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriela","family":"Kania","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2521-3232","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Przemys\u0142aw","family":"B\u0142yszczuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 30-663 Cracow, Poland"},{"name":"Center of Experimental Rheumatology, Department of Rheumatology, University Hospital Zurich, University of Zurich, 8952 Schlieren, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"779","article-title":"Update on Myocarditis","volume":"59","author":"Kindermann","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAC"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"490","DOI":"10.1016\/j.matbio.2018.01.013","article-title":"Extracellular Matrix Remodeling and Cardiac Fibrosis","volume":"68\u201369","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"Matrix Biol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tcm.2010.02.005","article-title":"Mechanisms of Cardiac Fibrosis in Inflammatory Heart Disease","volume":"19","author":"Kania","year":"2009","journal-title":"Trends Cardiovasc. 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