{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,12]],"date-time":"2026-10-12T13:36:20Z","timestamp":1791812180875,"version":"4.3.4"},"reference-count":54,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716336000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanoparticles (NPs) are becoming increasingly important novel materials for many purposes, including basic research, medicine, agriculture, and engineering. Increasing human and environmental exposure to these promising compounds requires assessment of their potential health risks. While the general direct cytotoxicity of NPs is often routinely measured, more indirect possible long-term effects, such as reproductive or developmental neurotoxicity (DNT), have been studied only occasionally and, if so, mostly on non-human animal models, such as zebrafish embryos. In this present study, we employed a well-characterized human neuronal precursor cell line to test the concentration-dependent DNT of green-manufactured copper sulfide (CuS) nanoparticles on crucial early events in human brain development. CuS NPs turned out to be generally cytotoxic in the low ppm range. Using an established prediction model, we found a clear DNT potential of CuS NPs on neuronal precursor cell migration and neurite outgrowth, with IC50 values 10 times and 5 times, respectively, lower for the specific DNT endpoint than for general cytotoxicity. We conclude that, in addition to the opportunities of NPs, their risks to human health should be carefully considered.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115650","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]],"date-time":"2024-05-22T10:00:11Z","timestamp":1716372011000},"page":"5650","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Neurotoxicity and Developmental Neurotoxicity of Copper Sulfide Nanoparticles on a Human Neuronal In-Vitro Test System"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5088-5439","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Michael","family":"Stern","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15\/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8353-3512","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nandipha","family":"Botha","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences & Nanotechnology Laboratories, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7245-7785","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Karen J.","family":"Cloete","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences & Nanotechnology Laboratories, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Malik","family":"Maaza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"UNESCO-UNISA Africa Chair in Nanosciences & Nanotechnology Laboratories, College of Graduate Studies, University of South Africa, Muckleneuk Ridge, P.O. Box 392, Pretoria 0003, South Africa"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Saime","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15\/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3158-067X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gerd","family":"Bicker","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Physiology and Cell Biology, University of Veterinary Medicine Hannover, Bischofsholer Damm 15\/102, D-30173 Hannover, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,22]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"e327","article-title":"Nanoparticles-induced potential toxicity on human health: Applications, toxicity mechanisms, and evaluation models","volume":"14","author":"Xuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"MedComm"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"355","DOI":"10.1007\/s10311-020-01074-x","article-title":"Green synthesis of nanoparticles using plant extracts: A review","volume":"19","author":"Jadoun","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ Chem. 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