{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,10]],"date-time":"2026-03-10T03:45:00Z","timestamp":1773114300186,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":70,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2023YFC2604400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2604400"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["2021YFC2300302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300302"]}]},{"name":"National Key Research and Development Program of China","award":["81772242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772242"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2023YFC2604400"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2023YFC2604400"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["2021YFC2300302"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021YFC2300302"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["81772242"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["81772242"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Vibrio fluvialis is an emerging foodborne pathogenic bacterium that can cause severe cholera-like diarrhea and various extraintestinal infections, posing challenges to public health and food safety worldwide. The arginine deiminase (ADI) pathway plays an important role in bacterial environmental adaptation and pathogenicity. However, the biological functions and regulatory mechanisms of the pathway in V. fluvialis remain unclear. In this study, we demonstrate that L-arginine upregulates the expression of the ADI gene cluster and promotes the growth of V. fluvialis. The ADI gene cluster, which we proved to be comprised of two operons, arcD and arcACB, significantly enhances the survival of V. fluvialis in acidic environments both in vitro (in culture medium and in macrophage) and in vivo (in mice). The mRNA level and reporter gene fusion analyses revealed that ArgR, a transcriptional factor, is necessary for the activation of both arcD and arcACB transcriptions. Bioinformatic analysis predicted the existence of multiple potential ArgR binding sites at the arcD and arcACB promoter regions that were further confirmed by electrophoretic mobility shift assay, DNase I footprinting, or point mutation analyses. Together, our study provides insights into the important role of the ArgR-ADI pathway in the survival of V. fluvialis under acidic conditions and the detailed molecular mechanism. These findings will deepen our understanding of how environmental changes and gene expression interact to facilitate bacterial adaptations and virulence.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T09:04:25Z","timestamp":1716455065000},"page":"5679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The ArgR-Regulated ADI Pathway Facilitates the Survival of Vibrio fluvialis under Acidic Conditions"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Qian","family":"Cheng","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Yu","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9443-5803","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yue","family":"Xiao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhe","family":"Li","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Aiping","family":"Qin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Saisen","family":"Ji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Biao","family":"Kan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Weili","family":"Liang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"National Key Laboratory of Intelligent Tracking and Forecasting for Infectious Diseases, National Institute for Communicable Disease Control and Prevention, Chinese Center for Disease Control and Prevention, Beijing 102206, China"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1033","DOI":"10.1038\/ni1102-1033","article-title":"Bacterial strategies for overcoming host innate and adaptive immune responses","volume":"3","author":"Hornef","year":"2002","journal-title":"Nat. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1016\/j.imlet.2004.02.005","article-title":"Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases","volume":"93","author":"Hudcovic","year":"2004","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"539","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI12404","article-title":"Pathogenesis and evolution of virulence in enteropathogenic and enterohemorrhagic Escherichia coli","volume":"107","author":"Donnenberg","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115","DOI":"10.1126\/science.1058709","article-title":"Commensal Host-Bacterial Relationships in the Gut","volume":"292","author":"Hooper","year":"2001","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"344","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abf8414","article-title":"A host metabolite promotes Salmonella survival","volume":"371","author":"Lynch","year":"2021","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manchester, M., Das, P., Lahiri, A., Lahiri, A., and Chakravortty, D. (2010). Modulation of the Arginase Pathway in the Context of Microbial Pathogenesis: A Metabolic Enzyme Moonlighting as an Immune Modulator. PLoS Pathog., 6.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1000899"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mib.2015.10.005","article-title":"Dual role of arginine metabolism in establishing pathogenesis","volume":"29","author":"Gogoi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Curr. Opin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"139","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev.mi.33.100179.001035","article-title":"Arginine Catabolism by Microorganisms","volume":"33","author":"Abdelal","year":"1979","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stadelmann, B., Hanevik, K., Andersson, M.K., Bruserud, O., and Sv\u00e4rd, S.G. (2013). The role of arginine and arginine-metabolizing enzymes during Giardia\u2014Host cell interactions in vitro. BMC Microbiol., 13.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-13-256"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, L.F., Teng, J.L.L., Botelho, M.G., Lo, R.C., Lau, S.K.P., and Woo, P.C.Y. (2016). Arginine Metabolism in Bacterial Pathogenesis and Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 17.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms17030363"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hern\u00e1ndez, V.M., Arteaga, A., and Dunn, M.F. (2021). Diversity, properties and functions of bacterial arginases. Fems Microbiol. Rev., 45.","DOI":"10.1093\/femsre\/fuab034"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xiong, L., Teng, J.L.L., Watt, R.M., Kan, B., Lau, S.K.P., and Woo, P.C.Y. (2014). Arginine deiminase pathway is far more important than urease for acid resistance and intracellular survival in Laribacter hongkongensis: A possible result of arc gene cassette duplication. BMC Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.1186\/1471-2180-14-42"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00406066","article-title":"Arginine catabolism in Aphanocapsa 6308","volume":"118","author":"Weathers","year":"1978","journal-title":"Arch. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2459","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.181.8.2459-2464.1999","article-title":"The ArgR Regulatory Protein, a Helper to the Anaerobic Regulator ANR during Transcriptional Activation of the arcD Promoter in Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"181","author":"Lu","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40527","DOI":"10.1074\/jbc.M307835200","article-title":"Arginine Metabolism in the Deep Sea Tube Worm Riftia pachyptila and Its Bacterial Endosymbiont","volume":"278","author":"Minic","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3343","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.29088-0","article-title":"The arginine regulon of Escherichia coli: Whole-system transcriptome analysis discovers new genes and provides an integrated view of arginine regulation","volume":"152","author":"Caldara","year":"2006","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5023","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00556-08","article-title":"Environmental and Growth Phase Regulation of the Streptococcus gordonii Arginine Deiminase Genes","volume":"74","author":"Liu","year":"2008","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e01858-14","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.01858-14","article-title":"Regulation of the Arginine Deiminase System by ArgR2 Interferes with Arginine Metabolism and Fitness of Streptococcus pneumoniae","volume":"5","author":"Schulz","year":"2014","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coburn, J., Richards, C.L., Raffel, S.J., Bontemps-Gallo, S., Dulebohn, D.P., Herbert, T.C., and Gherardini, F.C. (2022). The arginine deaminase system plays distinct roles in Borrelia burgdorferi and Borrelia hermsii. PLOS Pathog., 18.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010370"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1462-2920.2008.01782.x","article-title":"Molecular characterization of the arginine deiminase system in Listeria monocytogenes: Regulation and role in acid tolerance","volume":"11","author":"Ryan","year":"2009","journal-title":"Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2277","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00051-14","article-title":"Arginine Deiminase in Staphylococcus epidermidis Functions to Augment Biofilm Maturation through pH Homeostasis","volume":"196","author":"Lindgren","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.2.361-369.2006","article-title":"Structure, Regulation, and Putative Function of the Arginine Deiminase System of Streptococcus suis","volume":"188","author":"Gruening","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_23","first-page":"403","article-title":"The arginine deiminase system facilitates environmental adaptability of Streptococcus equi ssp","volume":"167","author":"Xu","year":"2016","journal-title":"zooepidemicus through pH adjustment. Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1016\/S0168-1605(00)00305-6","article-title":"Analysis of the role of the Listeria monocytogenes F0F1-ATPase operon in the acid tolerance response","volume":"60","author":"Cotter","year":"2000","journal-title":"Int. J. Food Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4291","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00880-12","article-title":"Expression of STM4467-Encoded Arginine Deiminase Controlled by the STM4463 Regulator Contributes to Salmonella enterica Serovar Typhimurium Virulence","volume":"80","author":"Choi","year":"2012","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00496-17","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.00496-17","article-title":"Effects of Arginine on Streptococcus mutans Growth, Virulence Gene Expression, and Stress Tolerance","volume":"83","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5976","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.00592-07","article-title":"Staphylococcus aureus ArcR controls expression of the arginine deiminase operon","volume":"189","author":"Makhlin","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"270","DOI":"10.1016\/j.vetmic.2012.08.004","article-title":"Identification and characterization of the arginine deiminase system of Streptococcus canis","volume":"162","author":"Hitzmann","year":"2013","journal-title":"Vet. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1031","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2011.10.015","article-title":"Proteomic analysis of colony morphology variants of Burkholderia pseudomallei defines a role for the arginine deiminase system in bacterial survival","volume":"75","author":"Chantratita","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"227","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1574-6968.2000.tb09344.x","article-title":"Regulation of anaerobic arginine catabolism in Bacillus licheniformis by a protein of the Crp\/Fnr family","volume":"191","author":"Maghnouj","year":"2000","journal-title":"FEMS Microbiol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6768","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.184.24.6768-6776.2002","article-title":"Identification and Characterization of Two Temperature-Induced Surface-Associated Proteins of Streptococcus suis with High Homologies to Members of the Arginine Deiminase System of Streptococcus pyogenes","volume":"184","author":"Winterhoff","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"572","DOI":"10.1099\/mic.0.043067-0","article-title":"ArgR is an essential local transcriptional regulator of the arcABC operon in Streptococcus suis and is crucial for biological fitness in an acidic environment","volume":"157","author":"Fulde","year":"2011","journal-title":"Microbiology"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1006\/jmbi.1995.0607","article-title":"The DNA-binding Domain of the Hexameric Arginine Repressor","volume":"254","author":"Grandori","year":"1995","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2008.03.007","article-title":"Structure and Function of the Arginine Repressor-Operator Complex from Bacillus subtilis","volume":"379","author":"Garnett","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jmb.2010.03.065","article-title":"Crystal Structure of the Intermediate Complex of the Arginine Repressor from Mycobacterium tuberculosis Bound with Its DNA Operator Reveals Detailed Mechanism of Arginine Repression","volume":"399","author":"Cherney","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6468","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.180.24.6468-6475.1998","article-title":"The arcABDC Gene Cluster, Encoding the Arginine Deiminase Pathway of Bacillus licheniformis, and Its Activation by the Arginine Repressor ArgR","volume":"180","author":"Maghnouj","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"158","article-title":"Etiology of acute childhood diarrhoea in Calcutta","volume":"10","author":"Chatterjee","year":"1989","journal-title":"Trop Gastroenterol"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1868","DOI":"10.3201\/eid1811.120520","article-title":"Vibrio fluvialisin Patients with Diarrhea, Kolkata, India","volume":"18","author":"Chowdhury","year":"2012","journal-title":"Emerg. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"375","article-title":"Ten cases of gastroenteritis possibly caused by Vibrio fluvialis and its enterotoxigenicity","volume":"57","author":"Kobayashi","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Jpn. Assoc. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.resmic.2009.08.007","article-title":"Occurrence of potentially pathogenic Vibrios in final effluents of a wastewater treatment facility in a rural community of the Eastern Cape Province of South Africa","volume":"160","author":"Igbinosa","year":"2009","journal-title":"Res. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"621","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.11.6.621-624.1980","article-title":"Isolation of Vibrio-like group, EF-6, from patients with diarrhea","volume":"11","author":"Huq","year":"1980","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2029","DOI":"10.1128\/AEM.03588-13","article-title":"Identification of Genetic Bases of Vibrio fluvialis Species-Specific Biochemical Pathways and Potential Virulence Factors by Comparative Genomic Analysis","volume":"80","author":"Lu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_43","unstructured":"Wang, L., Wang, D., Wang, M., Wang, G., Feng, Z., Bi, Z., Su, H., Yang, W., Xiao, D., and Wang, H. (2013). Vibrio Cholera Prevention and Control Manual, People\u2019s Health Publishing House. [6th ed.]. (in Chinese)."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"816","DOI":"10.1128\/jcm.18.4.816-824.1983","article-title":"Vibrio furnissii (formerly aerogenic biogroup of Vibrio fluvialis), a new species isolated from human feces and the environment","volume":"18","author":"Brenner","year":"1983","journal-title":"J. Clin. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6","DOI":"10.1186\/1757-4749-5-6","article-title":"The virulence phenotypes and molecular epidemiological characteristics of Vibrio fluvialis in China","volume":"5","author":"Liang","year":"2013","journal-title":"Gut Pathog."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"71","article-title":"New host record of Vibrio anguillarum associated with haemorrhagic septicaemia in golden mahseer, Tor putitora (Hamilton, 1822) from India","volume":"42","author":"Kala","year":"2021","journal-title":"Indian J. Comp. Microbiol. Immunol. Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Makarova, K.S., Mironov, A.A., and Gelfand, M.S. (2001). Conservation of the binding site for the arginine repressor in all bacterial lineages. Genome Biol., 2.","DOI":"10.1186\/gb-2001-2-4-research0013"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"E2329","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.1319284111","article-title":"Relating the metatranscriptome and metagenome of the human gut","volume":"111","author":"Franzosa","year":"2014","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2441","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.68.5.2441-2448.2000","article-title":"Characterization of an Isogenic Mutant of Streptococcus pyogenes Manfredo Lacking the Ability To Make Streptococcal Acid Glycoprotein","volume":"68","author":"Degnan","year":"2000","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"593","DOI":"10.1042\/bj3570593","article-title":"Nitric oxide synthases: Structure, function and inhibition","volume":"357","author":"Alderton","year":"2001","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820S","DOI":"10.1093\/jn\/134.10.2820S","article-title":"Arginine Metabolic Enzymes, Nitric Oxide and Infection","volume":"134","author":"Mori","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"233","DOI":"10.1128\/IAI.00916-13","article-title":"Streptococcus pyogenes Arginine and Citrulline Catabolism Promotes Infection and Modulates Innate Immunity","volume":"82","author":"Cusumano","year":"2014","journal-title":"Infect. Immun."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Krysenko, S., Emani, C.S., B\u00e4uerle, M., Oswald, M., Kulik, A., Meyners, C., Hillemann, D., Merker, M., Wohlers, I., and Hausch, F. (2023). GlnA3Mt is able to glutamylate spermine but it is not essential for the detoxification of spermine in Mycobacterium tuberculosis. bioRxiv.","DOI":"10.1101\/2023.12.14.571729"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4742","DOI":"10.1128\/jb.173.15.4742-4750.1991","article-title":"Anaerobic regulation of transcription initiation in the arcDABC operon of Pseudomonas aeruginosa","volume":"173","author":"Gamper","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"631","DOI":"10.1128\/mr.58.4.631-640.1994","article-title":"The arginine repressor of Escherichia coli","volume":"58","author":"Maas","year":"1994","journal-title":"Microbiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/BF02191600","article-title":"A binding site for activation by the Bacillus subtilis AhrC protein, a repressor\/activator of arginine metabolism","volume":"248","author":"Klingel","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mol. Gen. Genet. MGG"},{"key":"ref_57","first-page":"219","article-title":"Arginine boxes and the argR gene in Streptomyces clavuligerus: Evidence for a clear regulation of the arginine pathway","volume":"25","author":"Ludovice","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(92)90953-H","article-title":"Arginine regulon of Escherichia coli K-12","volume":"226","author":"Charlier","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(92)90954-I","article-title":"Binding of the arginine repressor of Escherichia coli K12 to its operator sites","volume":"226","author":"Tian","year":"1992","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1365-2958.1997.5441907.x","article-title":"Operator interactions by the Bacillus subtilis arginine repressor\/activator, AhrC: Novel positioning and DNA-mediated assembly of a transcriptional activator at catabolic sites","volume":"26","author":"Miller","year":"2003","journal-title":"Mol. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"941","DOI":"10.1128\/JB.188.3.941-949.2006","article-title":"Characterization of cis-acting sites controlling arginine deiminase gene expression in Streptococcus gordonii","volume":"188","author":"Zeng","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Bacteriol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1128\/aem.53.1.198-200.1987","article-title":"Arginine deiminase system and bacterial adaptation to acid environments","volume":"53","author":"Marquis","year":"1987","journal-title":"Appl. Environ. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"115","DOI":"10.1099\/00222615-19-1-115","article-title":"Phagocytosis by Human Leukocytes, Phagosomal pH and Degradation of Seven Species of Bacteria Measured by Flow Cytometry","volume":"19","author":"Bassoe","year":"1985","journal-title":"J. Med. Microbiol."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fulde, M., Willenborg, J., Huber, C., Hitzmann, A., Willms, D., Seitz, M., Eisenreich, W., Valentin-Weigand, P., and Goethe, R. (2014). The arginine-ornithine antiporter ArcD contributes to biological fitness of Streptococcus suis. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 4.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2014.00107"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1093\/molbev\/msu300","article-title":"IQ-TREE: A Fast and Effective Stochastic Algorithm for Estimating Maximum-Likelihood Phylogenies","volume":"32","author":"Nguyen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Mol. Biol. Evol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14921","DOI":"10.1038\/srep14921","article-title":"Direct regulation of the natural competence regulator gene tfoX by cyclic AMP (cAMP) and cAMP receptor protein (CRP) in Vibrios","volume":"5","author":"Wu","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6634","DOI":"10.3748\/wjg.v25.i45.6634","article-title":"Toxoplasma ROP16I\/III ameliorated inflammatory bowel diseases via inducing M2 phenotype of macrophages","volume":"25","author":"Xu","year":"2019","journal-title":"World J. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pan, J.J., Zhao, M., Huang, Y.M., Li, J., Liu, X.S., Ren, Z.H., Kan, B., and Liang, W.L. (2018). Integration Host Factor Modulates the Expression and Function of T6SS2 in Vibrio fluvialis. Front. Microbiol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2018.00962"},{"key":"ref_69","first-page":"103","article-title":"Identification of the DNA bases of a DNase I footprint by the use of dye primer sequencing on an automated capillary DNA analysis instrument","volume":"17","author":"Zianni","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Tech."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9833","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.93.18.9833","article-title":"Salmonella typhimurium invasion induces apoptosis in infected macrophages","volume":"93","author":"Monack","year":"1996","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/5679\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:47:10Z","timestamp":1760107630000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/5679"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"references-count":70,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25115679"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25115679","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]}}}