{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T17:18:02Z","timestamp":1792084682538,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":50,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716422400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science and Higher Education of the Russian Federation","award":["075-15-2022-305"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["075-15-2022-305"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Articular cartilage damage still remains a major problem in orthopedical surgery. The development of tissue engineering techniques such as autologous chondrocyte implantation is a promising way to improve clinical outcomes. On the other hand, the clinical application of autologous chondrocytes has considerable limitations. Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from various tissues have been shown to possess chondrogenic differentiation potential, although to different degrees. In the present study, we assessed the alterations in chondrogenesis-related gene transcription rates and extracellular matrix deposition levels before and after the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs in a 3D spheroid culture. MSCs were obtained from three different tissues: umbilical cord Wharton\u2019s jelly (WJMSC\u2014Wharton\u2019s jelly mesenchymal stromal cells), adipose tissue (ATMSC\u2014adipose tissue mesenchymal stromal cells), and the dental pulp of deciduous teeth (SHEDs\u2014stem cells from human exfoliated deciduous teeth). Monolayer MSC cultures served as baseline controls. Newly formed 3D spheroids composed of MSCs previously grown in 2D cultures were precultured for 2 days in growth medium, and then, chondrogenic differentiation was induced by maintaining them in the TGF-\u03b21-containing medium for 21 days. Among the MSC types studied, WJMSCs showed the most similarities with primary chondrocytes in terms of the upregulation of cartilage-specific gene expression. Interestingly, such upregulation occurred to some extent in all 3D spheroids, even prior to the addition of TGF-\u03b21. These results confirm that the potential of Wharton\u2019s jelly is on par with adipose tissue as a valuable cell source for cartilage engineering applications as well as for the treatment of osteoarthritis. The 3D spheroid environment on its own acts as a trigger for the chondrogenic differentiation of MSCs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115695","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]],"date-time":"2024-05-23T11:37:13Z","timestamp":1716464233000},"page":"5695","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":19,"title":["Cartilage-Specific Gene Expression and Extracellular Matrix Deposition in the Course of Mesenchymal Stromal Cell Chondrogenic Differentiation in 3D Spheroid Culture"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9367-6656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Igor V.","family":"Vakhrushev","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4807-3164","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yulia B.","family":"Basok","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow 123182, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1437-8656","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin K.","family":"Baskaev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0006-4502-6898","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria D.","family":"Novikova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5632-7040","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Georgy E.","family":"Leonov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey M.","family":"Grigoriev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow 123182, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2938-5883","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aleksandra D.","family":"Belova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow 123182, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila A.","family":"Kirsanova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow 123182, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alexey Y.","family":"Lupatov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Veronika V.","family":"Burunova","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1277-5228","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alexey V.","family":"Kovalev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Priorov Central Institute for Trauma and Orthopedics, Moscow 127299, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8869-5190","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Pavel I.","family":"Makarevich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute for Regenerative Medicine, Medical Research and Education Centre, Lomonosov Moscow State University, Moscow 119192, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1995-3373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victor I.","family":"Sevastianov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for Biomedical Technologies and Tissue Engineering, Shumakov National Medical Research Center of Transplantology and Artificial Organs, Moscow 123182, Russia"},{"name":"Institute of Biomedical Research and Technology, Moscow 123557, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-2261-851X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Konstantin N.","family":"Yarygin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cell Biology, Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow 119121, Russia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1038\/s41413-023-00301-9","article-title":"Risk of Metabolic Abnormalities in Osteoarthritis: A New Perspective to Understand Its Pathological Mechanisms","volume":"11","author":"Wei","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"376","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)60802-3","article-title":"Osteoarthritis","volume":"386","author":"Palmer","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Lond. 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