{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,4]],"date-time":"2026-08-04T15:04:05Z","timestamp":1785855845615,"version":"3.56.0"},"reference-count":48,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1716768000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Ministry of Science, Technological Development and Innovation of the Republic of Serbia","award":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["451-03-66\/2024-03\/200007"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Inflammation, demyelination, and axonal damage to the central nervous system (CNS) are the hallmarks of multiple sclerosis (MS) and its representative animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). There is scientific evidence for the involvement of growth hormone (GH) in autoimmune regulation. Previous data on the relationship between the GH\/insulin like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) axis and MS\/EAE are inconclusive; therefore, the aim of our study was to investigate the changes in the GH axis during acute monophasic EAE. The results show that the gene expression of Ghrh and Sst in the hypothalamus does not change, except for Npy and Agrp, while at the pituitary level the Gh, Ghrhr and Ghr genes are upregulated. Interestingly, the cell volume of somatotropic cells in the pituitary gland remains unchanged at the peak of the disease. We found elevated serum GH levels in association with low IGF-1 concentration and downregulated Ghr and Igf1r expression in the liver, indicating a condition resembling GH resistance. This is likely due to inadequate nutrient intake at the peak of the disease when inflammation in the CNS is greatest. Considering that GH secretion is finely regulated by numerous central and peripheral signals, the involvement of the GH\/IGF-1 axis in MS\/EAE should be thoroughly investigated for possible future therapeutic strategies, especially with a view to improving EAE disease.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25115837","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]],"date-time":"2024-05-27T10:27:59Z","timestamp":1716805679000},"page":"5837","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":6,"title":["Experimental Autoimmune Encephalomyelitis Influences GH-Axis in Female Rats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Anica","family":"Zivkovic","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Svetlana","family":"Trifunovic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cytology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7411-4527","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danijela","family":"Savic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8570-3340","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Katarina","family":"Milosevic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0607-5594","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Irena","family":"Lavrnja","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurobiology, Institute for Biological Research \u201cSinisa Stankovic\u201d\u2014National Institute of Republic of Serbia, University of Belgrade, 11108 Belgrade, Serbia"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"693","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612822666161214153108","article-title":"Multiple Sclerosis and Neuroinflammation: The Overview of Current and Prospective Therapies","volume":"23","author":"Bjelobaba","year":"2017","journal-title":"Curr. 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