{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,6,30]],"date-time":"2026-06-30T16:49:10Z","timestamp":1782838150486,"version":"3.54.5"},"reference-count":63,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717113600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Skeletal muscle atrophy (SMA) is caused by a rise in muscle breakdown and a decline in protein synthesis, with a consequent loss of mass and function. This study characterized the effect of an amino acid mixture (AA) in models of SMA, focusing on mitochondria. C57\/Bl6 mice underwent immobilization of one hindlimb (I) or cardiotoxin-induced muscle injury (C) and were compared with controls (CTRL). Mice were then administered AA in drinking water for 10 days and compared to a placebo group. With respect to CTRL, I and C reduced running time and distance, along with grip strength; however, the reduction was prevented by AA. Tibialis anterior (TA) muscles were used for histology and mitochondria isolation. I and C resulted in TA atrophy, characterized by a reduction in both wet weight and TA\/body weight ratio and smaller myofibers than those of CTRL. Interestingly, these alterations were lightly observed in mice treated with AA. The mitochondrial yield from the TA of I and C mice was lower than that of CTRL but not in AA-treated mice. AA also preserved mitochondrial bioenergetics in TA muscle from I and C mice. To conclude, this study demonstrates that AA prevents loss of muscle mass and function in SMA by protecting mitochondria.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116056","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]],"date-time":"2024-05-31T03:46:49Z","timestamp":1717127209000},"page":"6056","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["An Amino Acid Mixture to Counteract Skeletal Muscle Atrophy: Impact on Mitochondrial Bioenergetics"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8196-7373","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesco","family":"Bellanti","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1569-3658","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aurelio","family":"Lo Buglio","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4198-407X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giuseppe","family":"Pannone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria Carmela","family":"Pedicillo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ilenia Sara","family":"De Stefano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Angela","family":"Pignataro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1152-3371","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cristiano","family":"Capurso","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Gianluigi","family":"Vendemiale","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/36.4.602","article-title":"Skeletal muscle function in malnutrition","volume":"36","author":"Lopes","year":"1982","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2014.12.021","article-title":"Muscle as a \u201cmediator\u201d of systemic metabolism","volume":"21","author":"Baskin","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1618","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cell.2022.03.028","article-title":"SnapShot: Skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"185","author":"Baehr","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2013.07.003","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy during short-term disuse: Implications for age-related sarcopenia","volume":"12","author":"Wall","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00002.2019","article-title":"Muscle Toxicity of Drugs: When Drugs Turn Physiology into Pathophysiology","volume":"100","author":"Janssen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"807","DOI":"10.1152\/jappl.1997.82.3.807","article-title":"Resistance exercise maintains skeletal muscle protein synthesis during bed rest","volume":"82","author":"Ferrando","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"255","DOI":"10.1007\/978-981-15-1792-1_17","article-title":"Exercise and Muscle Atrophy","volume":"1228","author":"He","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Exp. Med. Biol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2009.03.009","article-title":"EAA supplementation to increase nitrogen intake improves muscle function during bed rest in the elderly","volume":"29","author":"Ferrando","year":"2010","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1196","DOI":"10.3945\/jn.114.194217","article-title":"Skeletal muscle disuse atrophy is not attenuated by dietary protein supplementation in healthy older men","volume":"144","author":"Dirks","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"465","DOI":"10.3945\/ajcn.115.112359","article-title":"Leucine partially protects muscle mass and function during bed rest in middle-aged adults","volume":"103","author":"English","year":"2016","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.1016\/S0955-2863(98)00087-4","article-title":"Nonessential amino acids are not necessary to stimulate net muscle protein synthesis in healthy volunteers","volume":"10","author":"Tipton","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2355","DOI":"10.1098\/rstb.2005.1770","article-title":"Oxidative stress and ageing: Is ageing a cysteine deficiency syndrome?","volume":"360","author":"Droge","year":"2005","journal-title":"Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. B Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"412","article-title":"Effects of supplementation with a combination of beta-hydroxy-beta-methyl butyrate, L-arginine, and L-glutamine on postoperative recovery of quadriceps muscle strength after total knee arthroplasty","volume":"24","author":"Nishizaki","year":"2015","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1793","DOI":"10.1080\/10408398.2012.708368","article-title":"Effects of amino acid derivatives on physical, mental, and physiological activities","volume":"55","author":"Luckose","year":"2015","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Food Sci. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"633","DOI":"10.2147\/CIA.S154998","article-title":"Effects of oral amino acid supplementation on Multidimensional Prognostic Index in hospitalized older patients: A multicenter randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled pilot study","volume":"13","author":"Volpato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Interv. Aging"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110588","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2019.110588","article-title":"An open-label, single-center pilot study to test the effects of an amino acid mixture in older patients admitted to internal medicine wards","volume":"69","author":"Bellanti","year":"2020","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_17","first-page":"422","article-title":"Mitochondrial Quality Control and Muscle Mass Maintenance","volume":"6","author":"Romanello","year":"2015","journal-title":"Front. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bellanti, F., Lo Buglio, A., and Vendemiale, G. (2022). Muscle Delivery of Mitochondria-Targeted Drugs for the Treatment of Sarcopenia: Rationale and Perspectives. Pharmaceutics, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/pharmaceutics14122588"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Memme, J.M., Slavin, M., Moradi, N., and Hood, D.A. (2021). Mitochondrial Bioenergetics and Turnover during Chronic Muscle Disuse. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22105179"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1186\/s12967-023-04369-z","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction: Roles in skeletal muscle atrophy","volume":"21","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Musar\u00f2, A. (2020). Muscle Homeostasis and Regeneration: From Molecular Mechanisms to Therapeutic Opportunities. Cells, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells9092033"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"475","DOI":"10.1093\/ajcn\/84.3.475","article-title":"The underappreciated role of muscle in health and disease","volume":"84","author":"Wolfe","year":"2006","journal-title":"Am. J. Clin. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Huang, L., Li, M., Deng, C., Qiu, J., Wang, K., Chang, M., Zhou, S., Gu, Y., Shen, Y., and Wang, W. (2022). Potential Therapeutic Strategies for Skeletal Muscle Atrophy. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12010044"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, W., Shen, D., Zhang, L., Ji, Y., Xu, L., Chen, Z., Shen, Y., Gong, L., Zhang, Q., and Shen, M. (2021). SKP-SC-EVs Mitigate Denervated Muscle Atrophy by Inhibiting Oxidative Stress and Inflammation and Improving Microcirculation. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11010066"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11E","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjcard.2008.02.074","article-title":"Hypercatabolic syndrome: Molecular basis and effects of nutritional supplements with amino acids","volume":"101","author":"Pasini","year":"2008","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Deer, R.R., and Volpi, E. (2018). Protein Requirements in Critically Ill Older Adults. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu10030378"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Renzini, A., Riera, C.S., Minic, I., D\u2018Ercole, C., Lozanoska-Ochser, B., Cedola, A., Gigli, G., Moresi, V., and Madaro, L. (2021). Metabolic Remodeling in Skeletal Muscle Atrophy as a Therapeutic Target. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11080517"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"149","DOI":"10.1017\/S0954422413000115","article-title":"Nutritional strategies to counteract muscle atrophy caused by disuse and to improve recovery","volume":"26","author":"Magne","year":"2013","journal-title":"Nutr. Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"313","DOI":"10.1111\/jhn.12238","article-title":"Impact of supplementation with amino acids or their metabolites on muscle wasting in patients with critical illness or other muscle wasting illness: A systematic review","volume":"28","author":"Wandrag","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Hum. Nutr. Diet."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2049","DOI":"10.1152\/japplphysiol.91505.2008","article-title":"A novel hindlimb immobilization procedure for studying skeletal muscle atrophy and recovery in mouse","volume":"106","author":"Caron","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Appl. Physiol. (1985)"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, Y., Lu, J., and Liu, Y. (2022). Skeletal Muscle Regeneration in Cardiotoxin-Induced Muscle Injury Models. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms232113380"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hardy, D., Besnard, A., Latil, M., Jouvion, G., Briand, D., Thepenier, C., Pascal, Q., Guguin, A., Gayraud-Morel, B., and Cavaillon, J.M. (2016). Comparative Study of Injury Models for Studying Muscle Regeneration in Mice. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0147198"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"183","DOI":"10.5717\/jenb.2015.15062704","article-title":"Protective effect of branched chain amino acids on hindlimb suspension-induced muscle atrophy in growing rats","volume":"19","author":"Jang","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Exerc. Nutr. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105798","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105798","article-title":"BCAAs and Di-Alanine supplementation in the prevention of skeletal muscle atrophy: Preclinical evaluation in a murine model of hind limb unloading","volume":"171","author":"Mantuano","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"676","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2012.07.005","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids reduce hindlimb suspension-induced muscle atrophy and protein levels of atrogin-1 and MuRF1 in rats","volume":"32","author":"Maki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1366","DOI":"10.1111\/bph.13624","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids differently modulate catabolic and anabolic states in mammals: A pharmacological point of view","volume":"174","author":"Bifari","year":"2017","journal-title":"Br. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cruzat, V., Macedo, R.M., Noel, K.K., Curi, R., and Newsholme, P. (2018). Glutamine: Metabolism and Immune Function, Supplementation and Clinical Translation. Nutrients, 10.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints201809.0459.v1"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"112273","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nut.2023.112273","article-title":"Oral glutamine supplementation relieves muscle loss in immobilized rats, altering p38MAPK and FOXO3a signaling pathways","volume":"118","author":"Petry","year":"2024","journal-title":"Nutrition"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105807","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2021.105807","article-title":"Skeletal muscle atrophy: From mechanisms to treatments","volume":"172","author":"Yin","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4351","DOI":"10.1210\/jc.2003-032159","article-title":"Essential amino acid and carbohydrate supplementation ameliorates muscle protein loss in humans during 28 days bedrest","volume":"89","author":"Urban","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Clin. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Coqueiro, A.Y., Rogero, M.M., and Tirapegui, J. (2019). Glutamine as an Anti-Fatigue Amino Acid in Sports Nutrition. Nutrients, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu11040863"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S52","DOI":"10.1097\/00002060-200211001-00007","article-title":"Exercise-induced muscle damage in humans","volume":"81","author":"Clarkson","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Phys. Med. Rehabil."},{"key":"ref_43","first-page":"68","article-title":"The creatine kinase response to resistance exercise","volume":"14","author":"Koch","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Musculoskelet. Neuronal Interact."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"520","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cca.2011.11.016","article-title":"Value of muscle enzyme measurement in evaluating different neuromuscular diseases","volume":"413","author":"Zhang","year":"2012","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1002\/cbf.1611","article-title":"Effects of supplementation with free glutamine and the dipeptide alanyl-glutamine on parameters of muscle damage and inflammation in rats submitted to prolonged exercise","volume":"28","author":"Cruzat","year":"2010","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Funct."},{"key":"ref_46","first-page":"384","article-title":"Branched-Chain Amino Acids Supplementation and Post-Exercise Recovery: An Overview of Systematic Reviews","volume":"43","author":"Salem","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Am. Nutr. Assoc."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6460","DOI":"10.1111\/febs.16577","article-title":"Mechanisms of skeletal muscle repair and regeneration in health and disease","volume":"289","author":"Michele","year":"2022","journal-title":"FEBS J."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mito.2023.07.003","article-title":"Mitochondrial dysfunction and skeletal muscle atrophy: Causes, mechanisms, and treatment strategies","volume":"72","author":"Kubat","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mitochondrion"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"188","DOI":"10.1111\/apha.12690","article-title":"Muscle immobilization activates mitophagy and disrupts mitochondrial dynamics in mice","volume":"218","author":"Kang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"226","DOI":"10.1002\/jcsm.12498","article-title":"Derangements of amino acids in cachectic skeletal muscle are caused by mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"11","author":"Kunzke","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101810","DOI":"10.1016\/j.arr.2022.101810","article-title":"Loss of neuromuscular junction integrity and muscle atrophy in skeletal muscle disuse","volume":"83","author":"Sirago","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ageing Res. Rev."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.100322","article-title":"Branched-chain amino acids, mitochondrial biogenesis, and healthspan: An evolutionary perspective","volume":"3","author":"Valerio","year":"2011","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Romani, M., Berger, M.M., and D\u2018Amelio, P. (2022). From the Bench to the Bedside: Branched Amino Acid and Micronutrient Strategies to Improve Mitochondrial Dysfunction Leading to Sarcopenia. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14030483"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"823","DOI":"10.1097\/00001756-200003200-00033","article-title":"SDH activity and cell size of tibialis anterior motoneurons and muscle fibers in SAMP6","volume":"11","author":"Hirofuji","year":"2000","journal-title":"Neuroreport"},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2010.02.030","article-title":"Multi-site control and regulation of mitochondrial energy production","volume":"1797","author":"Benard","year":"2010","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_56","first-page":"706","article-title":"The effect of single hind-limb immobilization on the contralateral limb in the rat: A morphometric and biochemical study","volume":"28","author":"Cohen","year":"1999","journal-title":"Am. J. Orthop."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e1156272","DOI":"10.1080\/21659087.2016.1156272","article-title":"Intravital multiphoton imaging of mouse tibialis anterior muscle","volume":"5","author":"Lau","year":"2016","journal-title":"Intravital"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rao, V.V., and Mohanty, A. (2019). Immunohistochemical Identification of Muscle Fiber Types in Mice Tibialis Anterior Sections. Bio Protoc., 9.","DOI":"10.21769\/BioProtoc.3400"},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"54515","article-title":"Induction of Acute Skeletal Muscle Regeneration by Cardiotoxin Injection","volume":"119","author":"Guardiola","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1038\/laban.1196","article-title":"Constructing an inexpensive and versatile homemade rodent treadmill","volume":"46","author":"Bouganim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Lab. Anim."},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"2610","article-title":"Measuring the strength of mice","volume":"76","author":"Deacon","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892","DOI":"10.1093\/gerona\/gls332","article-title":"Many faces of mitochondrial uncoupling during age: Damage or defense?","volume":"68","author":"Bellanti","year":"2013","journal-title":"J. Gerontol. A Biol. Sci. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_63","first-page":"2452","article-title":"Mitochondrial isolation from skeletal muscle","volume":"49","author":"Snider","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Vis. Exp."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6056\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:51:34Z","timestamp":1760107894000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6056"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]},"references-count":63,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25116056"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25116056","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,5,31]]}}}