{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:09:33Z","timestamp":1760144973388,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Missouri, School of Medicine","award":["Triumph Award"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["Triumph Award"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Both tissue and blood lead levels are elevated in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) patients. These studies assessed the impact of the subchronic lead challenge on the progression of RCC in vitro and in vivo. Lead challenge of Renca cells with 0.5 \u03bcM lead acetate for 10 consecutive passages decreased E-cadherin expression and cell aggregation. Proliferation, colony formation, and wound healing were increased. When lead-challenged cells were injected into mice, tumor size at day 21 was increased; interestingly, this increase was seen in male but not female mice. When mice were challenged with 32 ppm lead in drinking water for 20 weeks prior to tumor cell injection, there was an increase in tumor size in male, but not female, mice at day 21. To investigate the mechanism underlying the sex differences, the expression of sex hormone receptors in Renca cells was examined. Control Renca cells expressed estrogen receptor (ER) alpha but not ER beta or androgen receptor (AR), as assessed by qPCR, and the expression of ER\u03b1 was increased in tumors in both sexes. In tumor samples harvested from lead-challenged cells, both ER\u03b1 and AR were detected by qPCR, yet there was a significant decrease in AR seen in lead-challenged tumor cells from male mice only. This was paralleled by a plate-based array demonstrating the same sex difference in BMP-7 gene expression, which was also significantly decreased in tumors harvested from male but not female mice; this finding was validated by immunohistochemistry. A similar expression pattern was seen in tumors harvested from the mice challenged with lead in the drinking water. These data suggest that lead promotes RCC progression in a sex-dependent via a mechanism that may involve sex-divergent changes in BMP-7 expression.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116139","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T10:06:01Z","timestamp":1717409161000},"page":"6139","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":0,"title":["Lead Decreases Bone Morphogenetic Protein-7 (BMP-7) Expression and Increases Renal Cell Carcinoma Growth in a Sex-Divergent Manner"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Elizabeth A.","family":"Grunz","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-6240-1989","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Haley","family":"Anderson","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rebecka M.","family":"Ernst","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Spencer","family":"Price","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"D\u2019Artanyan","family":"Good","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7563-0806","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Victoria","family":"Vieira-Potter","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Nutrition and Exercise Physiology, College of Agriculture, Food and Natural Resources, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Alan R.","family":"Parrish","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Pharmacology and Physiology, School of Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, MO 65201, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"(2024, May 27). Surveillance Epidemiology and End Results. SEER Stat Fact Sheets. National Cancer Institute, Available online: https:\/\/seer.cancer.gov\/statfacts\/html\/kidrp.html."},{"key":"ref_2","unstructured":"McLaughlin, J.K., Lipworth, L., Tarone, R.E., and Blot, W.J. (2006). Cancer Epidemiology and Prevention, Oxford University Press. Kidney cancer."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17009","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.9","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma","volume":"3","author":"Hsieh","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Dis. Primers"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1262","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2008.06.037","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma in young and old patients\u2014Is there a difference?","volume":"180","author":"Thompson","year":"2008","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Reilly, R., Spalding, S., Walsh, B., Wainer, J., Pickens, S., Royster, M., Villanacci, J., and Little, B.B. (2018). Chronic environmental and occupational lead exposure and kidney function among African Americans: Dallas Lead Project II. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15122875"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jain, R.B. (2019). Cadmium and kidney function: Concentrations, variabilities, and associations across various stages of glomerular function. J. Trace Elem. Med. Biol., 256.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2019.113361"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2074","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.ki.5001809","article-title":"Lead-related nephrotoxicity: A review of epidemiologic evidence","volume":"70","author":"Ekong","year":"2006","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1044","DOI":"10.1046\/j.1523-1755.2003.00812.x","article-title":"Blood lead and chronic kidney disease in the general United States population: Results from NHANES III","volume":"63","author":"Muntner","year":"2003","journal-title":"Kidney Int."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"55","DOI":"10.1515\/intox-2015-0009","article-title":"Lead toxicity: A review","volume":"8","author":"Wani","year":"2015","journal-title":"Interdiscip. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"182","DOI":"10.1289\/ehp.0901234","article-title":"Cadmium, environmental exposure, and health concerns","volume":"118","author":"Satarug","year":"2010","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"714","DOI":"10.2105\/AJPH.2011.300161","article-title":"Secondhand tobacco smoke: A source of lead exposure in US children and adolescents","volume":"102","author":"Apostolou","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. J. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2027","DOI":"10.1200\/JCO.2010.30.9484","article-title":"Cigarette smoking is associated with advanced renal cell carcinoma","volume":"29","author":"Tsivian","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"723","DOI":"10.1136\/oem.2010.056341","article-title":"Occupational exposure to arsenic, cadmium, chromium, lead and nickel, and renal cell carcinoma: A case-control study from Central and Eastern Europe","volume":"68","author":"Boffetta","year":"2011","journal-title":"Occup. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"191","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-11-0670","article-title":"Lead, calcium uptake, and related genetic variants in association with renal cell carcinoma in a cohort of male Finnish smokers","volume":"21","author":"Southard","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomarkers Prev."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1007\/s12011-009-8325-x","article-title":"Variation in the distribution of trace elements in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"130","author":"Calvo","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biol. Trace Elem. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"499","DOI":"10.7314\/APJCP.2013.14.1.499","article-title":"Levels of serum trace elements in renal cell carcinoma cases","volume":"14","author":"Pirincci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Asian Pac. J. Cancer Prev."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Peired, A.J., Campi, R., Angelotti, M.L., Antonelli, G., Conte, C., Lazzeri, E., Becherucci, F., Calistri, L., Serni, S., and Romagnani, P. (2021). Sex and Gender differences in kidney cancer: Clinical and experimental evidence. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13184588"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"586","DOI":"10.1016\/j.euf.2017.01.006","article-title":"Variability of sex disparities in cancer incidence over 30 years: The striking case of kidney cancer","volume":"4","author":"Scelo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. Urol. Focus."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"869","DOI":"10.1038\/nm.4343","article-title":"Combined Vhl, Trp53 and Rb1 mutation causes clear cell renal cell carci-noma in mice","volume":"23","author":"Harlander","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. Med."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"605","DOI":"10.1007\/s12253-019-00650-z","article-title":"The association of androgen receptor expression with renal cell carcinoma risk: A systemic review and meta-analysis","volume":"26","author":"Yuan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Pathol. Oncol. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"510.e19","DOI":"10.1016\/j.urology.2013.10.022","article-title":"The expression and evaluation of androgen receptor in human renal cell carcinoma","volume":"83","author":"Zhu","year":"2014","journal-title":"Urology"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1441","DOI":"10.1016\/j.juro.2015.03.078","article-title":"Increased expression of androgen receptor mRNA in human renal cell carcinoma cells is associated with poor prognosis in patients with localized renal cell carcinoma","volume":"194","author":"Ha","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Urol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"574","DOI":"10.1097\/PAT.0b013e3283652c7a","article-title":"Acetylation status of p53 and the expression of DB1, SIRT1, and androgen receptor are asso-ciated with survival in clear cell renal cell carcinoma patients","volume":"45","author":"Noh","year":"2013","journal-title":"Pathology"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2820","DOI":"10.15419\/bmrat.v5i11.500","article-title":"Renal cell carcinoma: A systemic review and meta-analysis on expression of androgen receptor","volume":"5","author":"Abdi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Biomed. Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Langdon, S.P. (2020). Estrogen receptor signaling in cancer. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12102744"},{"key":"ref_26","first-page":"219","article-title":"Dual roles of 17-b estradiol in estrogen receptor-dependent growth inhibition in renal cell carcinoma","volume":"13","author":"Chen","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cancer Genom. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yu, C.P., Ho, J.Y., Huang, Y.T., Cha, T.L., Sun, G.H., Yu, D.S., Chang, F.W., Chen, S.P., and Hsu, R.J. (2013). Estrogen inhibits renal cell carcinoma cell progression through estrogen receptor-b activation. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0056667"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5037","DOI":"10.1038\/s41388-018-0175-6","article-title":"Estrogen receptor b promotes renal cell carcinoma progression via regulating LncRNA HO-TAIR-miR-128\/200c\/204\/217 associated CeRNA network","volume":"37","author":"Ding","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncogene"},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"3176","article-title":"Expression and localization of estrogen receptors in human renal cell carcinoma and their clinical significance","volume":"11","author":"Ahmed","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Exp. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"343","DOI":"10.1359\/jbmr.1997.12.3.343","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein: The molecularization of skeletal system development","volume":"12","author":"Urist","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Bone Miner. Res."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15005","DOI":"10.1038\/boneres.2015.5","article-title":"TGFb\/BMP signaling and other molecular events: Regulation of osteoblastogenesis and bone formation","volume":"3","author":"Rahman","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bone Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"203","DOI":"10.1038\/nrendo.2016.12","article-title":"BMP signaling skeletal development, disease and repair","volume":"12","author":"Salazar","year":"2016","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1002\/path.5170","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein receptor signal transduction in human disease","volume":"247","author":"Iyengar","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2187","DOI":"10.1096\/fj.11-199067","article-title":"Bone morphogentic proteiun 7 (BMP7) reverses obesity and regulates appetite through a central mTOR pathway","volume":"26","author":"Townsend","year":"2012","journal-title":"FASEB J."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.omto.2017.10.002","article-title":"The dual role of bone morphogenetic proteins in cancer","volume":"8","author":"Bach","year":"2018","journal-title":"Mol. Ther. Oncolytics"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"702","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ebiom.2019.02.033","article-title":"Opposing roles and potential antagonistic mechanism between TGF-b and BMP pathways: Impli-cations for cancer progression","volume":"41","author":"Ning","year":"2019","journal-title":"EBioMedicine"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2795","DOI":"10.1101\/gad.9.22.2795","article-title":"A requirement for bone morphogenetic protein-7 during development of the mammalian kidney and eye","volume":"9","author":"Dudley","year":"1995","journal-title":"Genes. Dev."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3095","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbadis.2017.09.011","article-title":"BMP7-induced-Pten inhibits Akt and prevents renal fibrosis","volume":"1863","author":"Higgins","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"S14","DOI":"10.1681\/ASN.V13suppl_1s14","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-7 improves renal fibrosis and accelerates return of renal function","volume":"13","author":"Morrissey","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Am. Soc. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1007\/s13402-011-0058-0","article-title":"BMP-7 inhibits TGF-b-induced invasion of breast cancer cells through inhibition of integrin b(3) expression","volume":"35","author":"Naber","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cell Oncol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1271","DOI":"10.1159\/000430249","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-7 inhibits EMT-associated genes in breast cancer","volume":"37","author":"Ying","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell. Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1047","DOI":"10.2353\/ajpath.2007.070168","article-title":"BMP7, a putative regulator of epithelial homeostasis in the human prostate, is a potent inhibitor of prostate cancer bone me-tastasis in vivo","volume":"171","author":"Buijs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Am. J. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8742","DOI":"10.1158\/0008-5472.CAN-06-2490","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein 7 in the development and treatment of bone metastases from breast cancer","volume":"67","author":"Buijs","year":"2007","journal-title":"Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_44","first-page":"149","article-title":"Expression of bone morphogenetic protein-7, its receptors and Smad1\/5\/8 in normal human kidney and renal cell cancer","volume":"34","author":"Bobinac","year":"2010","journal-title":"Coll. Antropol."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"91","DOI":"10.5301\/JN.2010.2020","article-title":"Bone morphogenetic protein-7 expression is down-regulated in human clear cell renal carcinoma","volume":"24","author":"Hudolin","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Nephrol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"176","DOI":"10.59566\/IJBS.2010.6176","article-title":"In vitro and in vivo studies on the effects of bone morphogenetic protein-7 on human kidney and lung tumor cells","volume":"6","author":"Yeh","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4626","DOI":"10.1128\/MCB.20.13.4626-4634.2000","article-title":"Estrogen opposes the apoptotic effects of bone morphogenetic protein 7 on tissue remodeling","volume":"20","author":"Monroe","year":"2000","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Biol."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1443","DOI":"10.1038\/labinvest.2011.111","article-title":"Expression of Snail and Slug in renal cell carcinoma: E-cadherin repressor Snail is associated with cancer invasion and prognosis","volume":"91","author":"Mikami","year":"2011","journal-title":"Lab. Investig."},{"key":"ref_49","first-page":"427.e17","article-title":"Percentage of sarcomatoid component as a prognostic indicator for survival in renal cell carcinoma with sarcomatoid dedifferentiation","volume":"33","author":"Adibi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Urol. Oncol. Semin. Orig. Investig."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e447","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clgc.2019.01.005","article-title":"Sarcomatoid renal cell carcinoma: Population-based study of 879 patients","volume":"17","author":"Alevizakos","year":"2019","journal-title":"Clin. Genitourin. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"866","DOI":"10.18632\/aging.102660","article-title":"Prognostic value of epithelial-mesenchymal transition markers in clear cell renal cell carcinoma","volume":"12","author":"Xu","year":"2020","journal-title":"Aging"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"142","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2017.09.009","article-title":"Sex-specific effects of developmental lead exposure on the immune-neuroendocrine network","volume":"334","author":"Lawrence","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Polanska, K., Hanke, W., Pawlas, N., Wesolowska, E., Jankowska, A., Jagodic, M., Mazej, D., Dominowska, J., Grzesiak, M., and Mirabella, F. (2018). Sex-dependent impact of low-level lead exposure during prenatal period on child psy-chomotor functions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 15.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph15102263"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3389\/fgene.2018.00089","article-title":"Sex-dependent effects of developmental lead exposure on brain","volume":"9","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"Front. Genet."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39126","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13411-w","article-title":"Chlorella vulgaris or Spirulina platensis mitigate lead acetate-induced testicular oxidative stress and apoptosis with regard to androgen receptor expression in rats","volume":"28","author":"Ibrahim","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2225675","DOI":"10.1080\/13510002.2023.2225675","article-title":"Zinc improves sexual performance and erectile function by preventing penile oxidative injury and upregulating circulating testosterone in lead-exposed rats","volume":"28","author":"Besong","year":"2023","journal-title":"Redox Rep."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"285","DOI":"10.1016\/0378-4274(88)90113-0","article-title":"Inhibition of intratesticular testosterone synthesis by inorganic lead","volume":"42","author":"Rodamilans","year":"1988","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.2131\/jts.48.481","article-title":"Melatonin therapy reverses lead exposure-induced tes-ticular damage in rats despite the lack of effect of serum testosterone levels","volume":"48","author":"Robles","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_59","first-page":"336","article-title":"Clomiphene citrate ameliorated lead acetate-induced reproductive toxicity in male Wistar rats","volume":"23","author":"Wahab","year":"2019","journal-title":"JBRA Assist. Reprod."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"268","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.10124","article-title":"Effect of chronic exposure to lead on estrogen action in the prepubertal rat uterus","volume":"18","author":"Tchernitchin","year":"2003","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329692","DOI":"10.5402\/2011\/329692","article-title":"Effect of prenatal exposure to lead on estrogen action in the prepubertal rat uterus","volume":"2011","author":"Tchernitchin","year":"2011","journal-title":"ISRN Obstet. Gynecol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Omr\u010den, H., Cvek, S.Z., Bati\u010di\u0107, L., \u0160u\u0107urovi\u0107, S., and Kezele, T.G. (2021). Gender-related differences in BMP expression and adult hippocampal neurogenesis within joint-hippocampal axis in a rat model of rheumatoid arthritis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms222212163"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"236","DOI":"10.1002\/(SICI)1097-0045(19981201)37:4<236::AID-PROS5>3.0.CO;2-C","article-title":"Androgen-dependent gene expression of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in mouse prostate","volume":"37","author":"Thomas","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prostate"},{"key":"ref_64","first-page":"89","article-title":"Differential expression and regulation of bone morphogenetic protein 7 in breast cancer","volume":"23","author":"Schwalbe","year":"2003","journal-title":"Int. J. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"180","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jsbmb.2009.02.001","article-title":"Steroid regulation of proliferation and osteogenic differentiation of bone marrow stromal cells: A gender difference","volume":"114","author":"Hong","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Steroid Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"170.e1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jpurol.2020.12.026","article-title":"Gender-dependent bladder response to one-day bladder outlet obstruction","volume":"17","author":"Lu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Pediatr. Urol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"892746","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2022.892746","article-title":"The release of 24 h infravesical obstruction in mice: Changes in molecular, morpho-logical, and functional parameters for 14-day observation","volume":"9","author":"Lu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"396","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfaa069","article-title":"Single-cell analysis of the gene expression effects of developmental lead (Pb) exposure on the mouse hippocampus","volume":"176","author":"Bakulski","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1006\/meth.2001.1262","article-title":"Analysis of relative gene expression data using real-time quantitative PCR and the 2(-Delta Delta C(T)) method","volume":"25","author":"Livak","year":"2001","journal-title":"Methods"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6139\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:35Z","timestamp":1760107955000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6139"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"references-count":69,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25116139"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25116139","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"type":"electronic","value":"1422-0067"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]}}}