{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:00Z","timestamp":1787028540542,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":45,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]],"date-time":"2024-06-02T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717286400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100004955","name":"FFG innovation check program","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["900408"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["900408"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100004955","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Curcumin is a natural compound that is considered safe and may have potential health benefits; however, its poor stability and water insolubility limit its therapeutic applications. Different strategies aim to increase its water solubility. Here, we tested the compound PVP\u2013curcumin as a photosensitizer for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) as well as its potential to act as an adjuvant in antibiotic drug therapy. Gram-negative E. coli K12 and Gram-positive S. capitis were subjected to aPDT using various PVP\u2013curcumin concentrations (1\u2013200 \u00b5g\/mL) and 475 nm blue light (7.5\u201345 J\/cm2). Additionally, results were compared to aPDT using 415 nm blue light. Gene expression of recA and umuC were analyzed via RT-qPCR to assess effects on the bacterial SOS response. Further, the potentiation of Ciprofloxacin by PVP\u2013curcumin was investigated, as well as its potential to prevent the emergence of antibiotic resistance. Both bacterial strains were efficiently reduced when irradiated with 415 nm blue light (2.2 J\/cm2) and 10 \u00b5g\/mL curcumin. Using 475 nm blue light, bacterial reduction followed a biphasic effect with higher efficacy in S. capitis compared to E. coli K12. PVP\u2013curcumin decreased recA expression but had limited effect regarding enhancing antibiotic treatment or impeding resistance development. PVP\u2013curcumin demonstrated effectiveness as a photosensitizer against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria but did not modulate the bacterial SOS response.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116140","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,3]],"date-time":"2024-06-03T10:06:01Z","timestamp":1717409161000},"page":"6140","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["The Multifaceted Actions of PVP\u2013Curcumin for Treating Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2203-2049","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Magdalena","family":"Metzger","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Stefan","family":"Manhartseder","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Leonie","family":"Krausgruber","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lea","family":"Scholze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David","family":"Fuchs","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carina","family":"Wagner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Michaela","family":"Stainer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5474-6332","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Johannes","family":"Grillari","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Institute of Molecular Biotechnology, University of Natural Resources and Life Sciences, 1190 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andreas","family":"Kubin","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planta Naturstoffe Vertriebs GmbH, 1230 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lionel","family":"Wightman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Planta Naturstoffe Vertriebs GmbH, 1230 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Peter","family":"Dungel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Traumatology, The Research Center in Cooperation with AUVA, 1200 Vienna, Austria"},{"name":"Austrian Cluster for Tissue Regeneration, 1200 Vienna, Austria"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Holzer-Geissler, J.C.J., Schwingenschuh, S., Zacharias, M., Einsiedler, J., Kainz, S., Reisenegger, P., Holecek, C., Hofmann, E., Wolff-Winiski, B., and Fahrngruber, H. (2022). The Impact of Prolonged Inflammation on Wound Healing. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10040856"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2017.07.011","article-title":"Photoinactivation of multidrug resistant bacteria by monomeric methylene blue conjugated gold nanoparticles","volume":"174","author":"Khan","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"102729","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pdpdt.2022.102729","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with curcumin on methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus biofilm","volume":"37","author":"Pinto","year":"2022","journal-title":"Photodiagn. Photodyn. Ther."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1332","DOI":"10.1039\/d0pp00108b","article-title":"Antimicrobial photodynamic therapy fighting polymicrobial infections\u2014A journey from in vitro to in vivo","volume":"19","author":"Karner","year":"2020","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.5005\/jp-journals-10024-1626","article-title":"Comparative effects of photodynamic therapy mediated by curcumin on standard and clinical isolate of Streptococcus mutans","volume":"16","author":"Tonon","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Contemp. Dent. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"773","DOI":"10.1002\/lsm.22299","article-title":"Low level light therapy by LED of different wavelength induces angiogenesis and improves ischemic wound healing","volume":"46","author":"Dungel","year":"2014","journal-title":"Lasers Surg. Med."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"917","DOI":"10.1016\/j.injury.2010.03.023","article-title":"Light therapy by blue LED improves wound healing in an excision model in rats","volume":"42","author":"Adamskaya","year":"2011","journal-title":"Injury"},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"33847","DOI":"10.1038\/srep33847","article-title":"Gene expression profiling reveals aryl hydrocarbon receptor as a possible target for photobiomodulation when using blue light","volume":"6","author":"Becker","year":"2016","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"184","DOI":"10.1111\/phpp.12367","article-title":"Effects of blue light on inflammation and skin barrier recovery following acute perturbation. Pilot study results in healthy human subjects","volume":"34","author":"Falcone","year":"2018","journal-title":"Photodermatol. Photoimmunol. Photomed."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"430","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2013.10.011","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits the SOS response induced by levofloxacin in Escherichia coli","volume":"21","author":"Bellio","year":"2014","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"67","DOI":"10.1016\/0165-7992(95)00048-8","article-title":"Inhibitory effect of curcumin on SOS functions induced by UV irradiation","volume":"348","author":"Oda","year":"1995","journal-title":"Mutat. Res. Lett."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3249","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bmcl.2007.04.013","article-title":"Directed molecular screening for RecA ATPase inhibitors","volume":"17","author":"Wigle","year":"2007","journal-title":"Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1128\/ecosalplus.5.4.3","article-title":"The SOS Regulatory Network","volume":"3","author":"Simmons","year":"2008","journal-title":"EcoSal Plus"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"79","DOI":"10.1016\/0022-2836(90)90306-7","article-title":"Nature of the SOS-inducing signal in Escherichia coli. The involvement of DNA replication","volume":"212","author":"Sassanfar","year":"1990","journal-title":"J. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"489","DOI":"10.1038\/nature06971","article-title":"Mechanism of homologous recombination from the RecA-ssDNA\/dsDNA structures","volume":"453","author":"Chen","year":"2008","journal-title":"Nature"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"137","DOI":"10.1007\/BF00281612","article-title":"Induction of only one SOS operon, umuDC, is required for SOS mutagenesis in Escherichia coli","volume":"239","author":"Sommer","year":"1993","journal-title":"MGG Mol. Gen. Genet."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"503","DOI":"10.1039\/b502125a","article-title":"Photodynamic therapy for Staphylococcus aureus infected burn wounds in mice","volume":"4","author":"Lambrechts","year":"2005","journal-title":"Photochem. Photobiol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"637","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.00603-09","article-title":"In vitro resistance selection studies of RLP068\/Cl, a new Zn(II) phthalocyanine suitable for antimicrobial photodynamic therapy","volume":"54","author":"Giuliani","year":"2010","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2011","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2010.04.039","article-title":"Evaluation of in vitro anti-proliferative and immunomodulatory activities of compounds isolated from Curcuma longa","volume":"48","author":"Yue","year":"2010","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1101","DOI":"10.1016\/j.clnu.2014.12.019","article-title":"Antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects of curcuminoid-piperine combination in subjects with metabolic syndrome: A randomized controlled trial and an updated meta-analysis","volume":"34","author":"Panahi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Clin. Nutr. Edinb. Scotl."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1620","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jmedchem.6b00975","article-title":"The Essential Medicinal Chemistry of Curcumin","volume":"60","author":"Nelson","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_22","first-page":"2895","article-title":"Phase I clinical trial of curcumin, a chemopreventive agent, in patients with high-risk or pre-malignant lesions","volume":"21","author":"Cheng","year":"2001","journal-title":"Anticancer. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1411","DOI":"10.1158\/1055-9965.EPI-07-2693","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of curcumin conjugate metabolites in healthy human subjects","volume":"17","author":"Vareed","year":"2008","journal-title":"Cancer Epidemiol. Biomark. Prev."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1867","DOI":"10.1016\/S0731-7085(96)02024-9","article-title":"Stability of curcumin in buffer solutions and characterization of its degradation products","volume":"15","author":"Wang","year":"1997","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Biomed. Anal."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejps.2009.02.019","article-title":"Nanoparticle encapsulation improves oral bioavailability of curcumin by at least 9-fold when compared to curcumin administered with piperine as absorption enhancer","volume":"37","author":"Shaikh","year":"2009","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharm. Sci."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"353","DOI":"10.1016\/j.colsurfb.2012.06.024","article-title":"Pharmacokinetics of curcumin-loaded PLGA and PLGA-PEG blend nanoparticles after oral administration in rats","volume":"101","author":"Khalil","year":"2013","journal-title":"Colloids Surf. B Biointerfaces"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"512","DOI":"10.1021\/acsinfecdis.5b00097","article-title":"Permeability Barrier of Gram-Negative Cell Envelopes and Approaches to Bypass It","volume":"1","author":"Zgurskaya","year":"2015","journal-title":"ACS Infect. Dis."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"416","DOI":"10.1093\/milmed\/usaa299","article-title":"Evaluation of Fluorescent Light Energy for the Treatment of Acute Second-degree Burns","volume":"186","author":"Mellergaard","year":"2021","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"53","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2016.04.007","article-title":"Blue light does not impair wound healing in vitro","volume":"160","author":"Bumah","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_30","unstructured":"Hamblin, M.R., Carroll, J.D., and Arany, P. (2016). Photobiomodulation of Distinct Lineages of Human Dermal Fibroblasts: A Rational Approach Towards the Selection of Effective Light Parameters for Skin Rejuvenation and Wound Healing, SPIE."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1042\/BJ20070891","article-title":"Curcumin inhibits FtsZ assembly: An attractive mechanism for its antibacterial activity","volume":"410","author":"Rai","year":"2008","journal-title":"Biochem. J."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejmech.2010.06.015","article-title":"Probing the binding site of curcumin in Escherichia coli and Bacillus subtilis FtsZ--a structural insight to unveil antibacterial activity of curcumin","volume":"45","author":"Kaur","year":"2010","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wray, R., Iscla, I., and Blount, P. (2021). Curcumin activation of a bacterial mechanosensitive channel underlies its membrane permeability and adjuvant properties. PLoS Pathog., 17.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.ppat.1010198"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"411","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9084(91)90108-D","article-title":"Mechanism of specific LexA cleavage: Autodigestion and the role of RecA coprotease","volume":"73","author":"Little","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"423","DOI":"10.1016\/0300-9084(91)90109-E","article-title":"DNA binding properties of the LexA repressor","volume":"73","author":"Schnarr","year":"1991","journal-title":"Biochimie"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8919","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.96.16.8919","article-title":"UmuD\u20322C is an error-prone DNA polymerase, Escherichia coli pol V","volume":"96","author":"Tang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crane, J.K., Cheema, M.B., Olyer, M.A., and Sutton, M.D. (2018). Zinc Blockade of SOS Response Inhibits Horizontal Transfer of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Enteric Bacteria. Front. Cell. Infect. Microbiol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fcimb.2018.00410"},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"381","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chembiol.2016.02.010","article-title":"RecA Inhibitors Potentiate Antibiotic Activity and Block Evolution of Antibiotic Resistance","volume":"23","author":"Alam","year":"2016","journal-title":"Cell Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.50.1.171-177.2006","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin and trimethoprim cause phage induction and virulence modulation in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"50","author":"Goerke","year":"2006","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00971-17","DOI":"10.1128\/mBio.00971-17","article-title":"Quinolone Resistance Reversion by Targeting the SOS Response","volume":"8","author":"Recacha","year":"2017","journal-title":"mBio"},{"key":"ref_41","first-page":"373","article-title":"Ciprofloxacin. A review of its antibacterial activity, pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic use","volume":"35","author":"Monk","year":"1988","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bunnell, B.E., Escobar, J.F., Bair, K.L., Sutton, M.D., and Crane, J.K. (2017). Zinc blocks SOS-induced antibiotic resistance via inhibition of RecA in Escherichia coli. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0178303"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"D\u00f6rr, T., Lewis, K., and Vuli\u0107, M. (2009). SOS Response Induces Persistence to Fluoroquinolones in Escherichia coli. PLoS Genet., 5.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pgen.1000760"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9423","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-019-45962-x","article-title":"Development of Staphylococcus aureus tolerance to antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation and antimicrobial blue light upon sub-lethal treatment","volume":"9","author":"Wozniak","year":"2019","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3394","DOI":"10.1128\/AAC.01599-07","article-title":"Effects of subinhibitory concentrations of antibiotics on SOS and DNA repair gene expression in Staphylococcus aureus","volume":"52","author":"Mesak","year":"2008","journal-title":"Antimicrob. Agents Chemother."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6140\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:52:37Z","timestamp":1760107957000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6140"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]},"references-count":45,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25116140"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25116140","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,2]]}}}