{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,6]],"date-time":"2026-10-06T20:34:18Z","timestamp":1791318858889,"version":"4.3.1"},"reference-count":185,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"HUN-REN-UD (Hungarian Research Nertwork-University of Debrecen)"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>This report describes major pathomechanisms of disease in which the dysregulation of host inflammatory processes is a major factor, with cardiovascular disease (CVD) as a primary model, and reviews strategies for countermeasures based on synergistic interaction between various agents, including drugs and generally regarded as safe (GRAS) natural medical material (NMM), such as Ginkgo biloba, spice phytochemicals, and fruit seed flavonoids. The 15 well-defined CVD classes are explored with particular emphasis on the extent to which oxidative stressors and associated ischemia-reperfusion tissue injury contribute to major symptoms. The four major categories of pharmaceutical agents used for the prevention of and therapy for CVD: statins, beta blockers (\u03b2-blockers), blood thinners (anticoagulants), and aspirin, are presented along with their adverse effects. Analyses of major cellular and molecular features of drug- and NMM-mediated cardioprotective processes are provided in the context of their development for human clinical application. Future directions of the evolving research described here will be particularly focused on the characterization and manipulation of calcium- and calcineurin-mediated cascades of signaling from cell surface receptors on cardiovascular and immune cells to the nucleus, with the emergence of both protective and pathological epigenetic features that may be modulated by synergistically-acting combinations of drugs and phytochemicals in which phytochemicals interact with cells to promote signaling that reduces the effective dosage and thus (often) toxicity of drugs.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116176","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T08:43:54Z","timestamp":1717577034000},"page":"6176","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":21,"title":["Evolving Strategies for Use of Phytochemicals in Prevention and Long-Term Management of Cardiovascular Diseases (CVD)"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Donald David","family":"Haines","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Advanced Biotherapeutics Ltd., 20-22, Wenlock Road, London N1 7GU, UK"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Fred M.","family":"Cowan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Uppsala Inc., 67 Shady Brook Drive, Colora, MD 21917, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Arpad","family":"Tosaki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department Pharmacology, Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"},{"name":"HUN-REN-UD Pharmamodul Research Group, University of Debrecen, Nagyerdei krt. 98, 4032 Debrecen, Hungary"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryter, S.W. (2022). Heme Oxygenase-1: An Anti-Inflammatory Effector in Cardiovascular, Lung, and Related Metabolic Disorders. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11030555"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2227","DOI":"10.2174\/138161282420180907151444","article-title":"Emerging Clinical Applications of Heme Oxygenase","volume":"24","author":"Haines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"129","DOI":"10.1254\/jphs.94.129","article-title":"In Vitro Effects of Astaxanthin Combined with Ginkgolide B on T Lymphocyte Activation in Peripheral Blood Mononuclear Cells from Asthmatic Subjects","volume":"94","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2004","journal-title":"J. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haines, D.D., and Tosaki, A. (2020). Heme Degradation in Pathophysiology of and Countermeasures to Inflammation-Associated Disease. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21249698"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"434","DOI":"10.1196\/annals.1329.054","article-title":"Suppression of the Nuclear Factor-kappaB Activation Pathway by Spice-Derived Phytochemicals: Reasoning for Seasoning","volume":"1030","author":"Aggarwal","year":"2004","journal-title":"Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"838","DOI":"10.1021\/acsptsci.2c00104","article-title":"Elucidating the Beneficial Effects of Ginger (Zingiber Officinale Roscoe) in Parkinson\u2019s Disease","volume":"5","author":"Angelopoulou","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Pharmacol. Transl. Sci."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2369","DOI":"10.1038\/sj.emboj.7600244","article-title":"Modulation of NF-kappaB-Dependent Transcription and Cell Survival by the SIRT1 Deacetylase","volume":"23","author":"Yeung","year":"2004","journal-title":"EMBO J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110038","DOI":"10.1016\/j.celrep.2021.110038","article-title":"LARP7 Ameliorates Cellular Senescence and Aging by Allosterically Enhancing SIRT1 Deacetylase Activity","volume":"37","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Cell Rep."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, Z., Qin, Y., Lv, B., Tian, Z., and Zhang, B. (2022). Intermittent Fasting Improves High-Fat Diet-Induced Obesity Cardiomyopathy via Alleviating Lipid Deposition and Apoptosis and Decreasing m6A Methylation in the Heart. Nutrients, 14.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu14020251"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117","DOI":"10.1177\/153537020623100201","article-title":"Targeting Apoptosis with Dietary Bioactive Agents","volume":"231","author":"Martin","year":"2006","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.4103\/jcrt.JCRT_1017_20","article-title":"The Golden Spice Curcumin in Cancer: A Perspective on Finalized Clinical Trials during the Last 10 Years","volume":"18","author":"Yerer","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Cancer Res. Ther."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4491","DOI":"10.1158\/1078-0432.CCR-08-0024","article-title":"Phase II Trial of Curcumin in Patients with Advanced Pancreatic Cancer","volume":"14","author":"Dhillon","year":"2008","journal-title":"Clin. Cancer Res."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bal, S., Sharangi, A.B., Upadhyay, T.K., Khan, F., Pandey, P., Siddiqui, S., Saeed, M., Lee, H.-J., and Yadav, D.K. (2022). Biomedical and Antioxidant Potentialities in Chilli: Perspectives and Way Forward. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27196380"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"987","DOI":"10.1211\/0022357021521","article-title":"Synergistic Capsicum-Tea Mixtures with Anticancer Activity","volume":"55","year":"2003","journal-title":"J. Pharm. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"189","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7305","article-title":"Curcumin and Its Derivatives in Cancer Therapy: Potentiating Antitumor Activity of Cisplatin and Reducing Side Effects","volume":"36","author":"Abadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"500","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.2960","article-title":"Antioxidant Activities of Curcumin and Combinations of This Curcuminoid with Other Phytochemicals","volume":"24","author":"Aftab","year":"2010","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109209","DOI":"10.1016\/j.exer.2022.109209","article-title":"Research Models of Sulfur Mustard- and Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Ocular Injuries and Potential Therapeutics","volume":"223","author":"Mishra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Exp. Eye Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-200001000-00005","article-title":"Cardioprotective Effects of the Calcineurin Inhibitor FK506 and the PAF Receptor Antagonist and Free Radical Scavenger, EGb 761, in Isolated Ischemic\/Reperfused Rat Hearts","volume":"35","author":"Haines","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_19","unstructured":"Cowan, F.M., Broomfield, C.A., Nealley, E.W., and Petrali, J.P. (2006). Anti-Inflammatory and Morphocytotoxic Actions of 4-Methyl-2-Mercaptopyridine-1-Oxide in Sulfur Mustard-Exposed Skin and Lung Epithelial Cell Cultures: Implications for Broad Spectrum Countermeasures, U.S. Army Medical Research and Materiel Command Medical Defense Bioscience Review."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2408598","DOI":"10.1155\/2022\/2408598","article-title":"Ginkgo Biloba Extract Reduces Cardiac and Brain Inflammation in Rats Fed a HFD and Exposed to Chronic Mental Stress through NF-\u03baB Inhibition","volume":"2022","author":"Zhang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Mediators Inflamm."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2463","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.7439","article-title":"Ginkgo Biloba Extract Ameliorates Atherosclerosis via Rebalancing Gut Flora and Microbial Metabolism","volume":"36","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"128","DOI":"10.1002\/ptr.3160","article-title":"Summative Interaction between Astaxanthin, Ginkgo Biloba Extract (EGb761) and Vitamin C in Suppression of Respiratory Inflammation: A Comparison with Ibuprofen","volume":"25","author":"Haines","year":"2011","journal-title":"Phytother. Res."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1016\/j.nutres.2022.09.001","article-title":"Bioactive Compounds Modulating Toll-like 4 Receptor (TLR4)-Mediated Inflammation: Pathways Involved and Future Perspectives","volume":"107","author":"Almeida","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nutr. Res."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"McCarty, M.F. (2021). Nutraceutical, Dietary, and Lifestyle Options for Prevention and Treatment of Ventricular Hypertrophy and Heart Failure. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 22.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms22073321"},{"key":"ref_25","first-page":"458","article-title":"Ophthalmological Aspects of Mustard Gas Poisoning (Focus on Management)","volume":"13","author":"Kazemi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Caspian J. Intern. Med."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"850","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.169.11.850","article-title":"A Review of Multi-Threat Medical Countermeasures against Chemical Warfare and Terrorism","volume":"169","author":"Cowan","year":"2004","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, X., Sun, Y., Wang, Q., Liu, F., Yang, W., Sui, X., Yang, J., Zhang, M., Wang, S., and Xiao, Z. (2022). Potential Common Mechanisms of Cytotoxicity Induced by Amide Herbicides via TRPA1 Channel Activation. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19137985"},{"key":"ref_28","unstructured":"Cowan, F. (2023). Revisiting Medical Implications of the Multi-Threat Medical Countermeasure Hypothesis, ResearchGate GmbH."},{"key":"ref_29","unstructured":"Cowan, F.M. (2011). Phytochemical Combinations That Regulate Pathological Immunity. (US20110305779A1), U.S. Patent."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9713","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-13647-7","article-title":"Curcumin and Metformin Synergistically Modulate Peripheral and Central Immune Mechanisms of Pain","volume":"12","author":"Hasriadi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"659","DOI":"10.1038\/nbt.1549","article-title":"Synergistic Drug Combinations Tend to Improve Therapeutically Relevant Selectivity","volume":"27","author":"Krueger","year":"2009","journal-title":"Nat. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_32","unstructured":"(2024, May 10). Effects of Once-Weekly Semaglutide 2.4 Mg on C-Reactive Protein in Adults with Overweight or Obesity (STEP 1, 2, and 3): Exploratory Analyses of Three Randomised, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled, Phase 3 Trials\u2014PubMed, Available online: https:\/\/pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov\/36467859\/."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"190","DOI":"10.7205\/MILMED.172.2.190","article-title":"Immune Cytokine Response in Combat Casualties: Blast or Explosive Trauma with or without Secondary Sepsis","volume":"172","author":"Surbatovic","year":"2007","journal-title":"Mil. Med."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"20420188231222367","DOI":"10.1177\/20420188231222367","article-title":"Anti-Inflammatory Role of Glucagon-like Peptide 1 Receptor Agonists and Its Clinical Implications","volume":"15","author":"Alharbi","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ther. Adv. Endocrinol. Metab."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.5114\/ada.2017.67841","article-title":"Relationship of Serum Levels of Interleukin 6, Interleukin 8, and C-Reactive Protein with Forced Expiratory Volume in First Second in Patients with Mustard Lung and Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Diseases: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"34","author":"Shahriary","year":"2017","journal-title":"Postepy Dermatol. Alergol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"739","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327109354311","article-title":"Highly Sensitive C-Reactive Protein Levels in Iranian Patients with Pulmonary Complication of Sulfur Mustard Poisoning and Its Correlation with Severity of Airway Diseases","volume":"28","author":"Attaran","year":"2009","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"335","article-title":"Interleukin-6 and Airflow Limitation in Chemical Warfare Patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease","volume":"5","author":"Attaran","year":"2010","journal-title":"Int. J. Chron. Obstruct Pulmon Dis."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1482","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2009.09.002","article-title":"Serum Levels of IL-8 and IL-6 in the Long Term Pulmonary Complications Induced by Sulfur Mustard: Sardasht-Iran Cohort Study","volume":"9","author":"Pourfarzam","year":"2009","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"235","article-title":"Delayed Complications and Long-Term Management of Sulfur Mustard Poisoning: A Narrative Review of Recent Advances by Iranian Researchers Part \u0406\u0406: Clinical Management and Therapy","volume":"43","author":"Etemad","year":"2018","journal-title":"Iran. J. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ramos, E., Gil-Mart\u00edn, E., De Los R\u00edos, C., Egea, J., L\u00f3pez-Mu\u00f1oz, F., Pita, R., Juber\u00edas, A., Torrado, J.J., Serrano, D.R., and Reiter, R.J. (2023). Melatonin as Modulator for Sulfur and Nitrogen Mustard-Induced Inflammation, Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage: Molecular Therapeutics. Antioxidants, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox12020397"},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Czegledi, A., Tosaki, A., Gyongyosi, A., Zilinyi, R., Tosaki, A., and Lekli, I. (2019). Electrically-Induced Ventricular Fibrillation Alters Cardiovascular Function and Expression of Apoptotic and Autophagic Proteins in Rat Hearts. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20071628"},{"key":"ref_42","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Stroke Collaborators (2021). Global, Regional, and National Burden of Stroke and Its Risk Factors, 1990\u20132019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Neurol., 20, 795\u2013820."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2013 Mortality and Causes of Death Collaborators (2015). Global, Regional, and National Age-Sex Specific All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality for 240 Causes of Death, 1990\u20132013: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2013. Lancet, 385, 117\u2013171.","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(14)61682-2"},{"key":"ref_44","unstructured":"Mendis, S., Puska, P., Norrving, B., World Health Organization, World Heart Federation, and World Stroke Organization (2011). Global Atlas on Cardiovascular Disease Prevention and Control, World Health Organization."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-2999(89)90470-6","article-title":"Ginkgolide B Protects Isolated Hearts against Arrhythmias Induced by Ischemia but Not Reperfusion","volume":"164","author":"Koltai","year":"1989","journal-title":"Eur. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"792592","DOI":"10.3389\/fcvm.2021.792592","article-title":"Promising Therapeutic Candidate for Myocardial Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury: What Are the Possible Mechanisms and Roles of Phytochemicals?","volume":"8","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. Cardiovasc. Med."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e00852","DOI":"10.1002\/prp2.852","article-title":"[8]-Gingerol Exerts Anti-myocardial Ischemic Effects in Rats via Modulation of the MAPK Signaling Pathway and L-type Ca2+ Channels","volume":"9","author":"Xue","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res. Perspect."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"934256","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2022.934256","article-title":"Therapeutic Targets by Traditional Chinese Medicine for Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury Induced Apoptosis on Cardiovascular and Cerebrovascular Diseases","volume":"13","author":"Cheng","year":"2022","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1319","DOI":"10.1007\/s12010-022-04132-y","article-title":"Critical Review on Nutritional, Bioactive, and Medicinal Potential of Spices and Herbs and Their Application in Food Fortification and Nanotechnology","volume":"195","author":"Mandal","year":"2023","journal-title":"Appl. Biochem. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Villa-Rivera, M.G., and Ochoa-Alejo, N. (2020). Chili Pepper Carotenoids: Nutraceutical Properties and Mechanisms of Action. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25235573"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Munjuluri, S., Wilkerson, D.A., Sooch, G., Chen, X., White, F.A., and Obukhov, A.G. (2021). Capsaicin and TRPV1 Channels in the Cardiovascular System: The Role of Inflammation. Cells, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells11010018"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Castrej\u00f3n-T\u00e9llez, V., del Valle-Mondrag\u00f3n, L., P\u00e9rez-Torres, I., Guarner-Lans, V., Pastel\u00edn-Hern\u00e1ndez, G., Ruiz-Ram\u00edrez, A., D\u00edaz-Ju\u00e1rez, J.A., Varela-L\u00f3pez, E., Oidor-Chan, V.H., and Vargas-Gonz\u00e1lez, A. (2022). TRPV1 Contributes to Modulate the Nitric Oxide Pathway and Oxidative Stress in the Isolated and Perfused Rat Heart during Ischemia and Reperfusion. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27031031"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"154382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phymed.2022.154382","article-title":"The Application of Proteomics and Metabolomics to Reveal the Molecular Mechanism of Nutmeg-5 in Ameliorating Cardiac Fibrosis Following Myocardial Infarction","volume":"105","author":"Yan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Phytomedicine"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1449","DOI":"10.1152\/physrev.00003.2016","article-title":"Heme Oxygenases in Cardiovascular Health and Disease","volume":"96","author":"Ayer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Physiol. Rev."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Dkhil, M.A., Abdel Moneim, A.E., Hafez, T.A., Mubaraki, M.A., Mohamed, W.F., Thagfan, F.A., and Al-Quraishy, S. (2019). Myristica Fragrans Kernels Prevent Paracetamol-Induced Hepatotoxicity by Inducing Anti-Apoptotic Genes and Nrf2\/HO-1 Pathway. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 20.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms20040993"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1459","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)31012-1","article-title":"Global, Regional, and National Life Expectancy, All-Cause Mortality, and Cause-Specific Mortality for 249 Causes of Death, 1980\u20132015: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2015","volume":"388","author":"Wang","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"GBD 2019 Mental Disorders Collaborators (2022). Global, Regional, and National Burden of 12 Mental Disorders in 204 Countries and Territories, 1990-2019: A Systematic Analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019. Lancet Psychiatry, 9, 137\u2013150.","DOI":"10.1016\/S2215-0366(21)00395-3"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, Y., Zhang, M., Yang, H., and Wang, Y. (2022). Consumption of Coffee and Tea with All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Prospective Cohort Study. BMC Med., 20.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12916-022-02636-2"},{"key":"ref_59","unstructured":"Institute of Medicine (US) Committee on Preventing the Global Epidemic of Cardiovascular Disease: Meeting the Challenges in Developing Countries, Fuster, V., and Kelly, B.B. (2010). Promoting Cardiovascular Health in the Developing World: A Critical Challenge to Achieve Global Health, National Academies Press (US)."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1483","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.113.004042","article-title":"Temporal Trends in Ischemic Heart Disease Mortality in 21 World Regions, 1980 to 2010: The Global Burden of Disease 2010 Study","volume":"129","author":"Moran","year":"2014","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_61","first-page":"e984","article-title":"Obesity and Cardiovascular Disease: A Scientific Statement From the American Heart Association","volume":"143","author":"Poirier","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"417","DOI":"10.1146\/annurev-publhealth-031914-122838","article-title":"Sleep as a Potential Fundamental Contributor to Disparities in Cardiovascular Health","volume":"36","author":"Jackson","year":"2015","journal-title":"Annu. Rev. Public. Health"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1513\/AnnalsATS.201609-662OC","article-title":"Associations among Neighborhood, Race, and Sleep Apnea Severity in Children. A Six-City Analysis","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Ann. Am. Thorac. Soc."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Petersen, K.S., and Kris-Etherton, P.M. (2021). Diet Quality Assessment and the Relationship between Diet Quality and Cardiovascular Disease Risk. Nutrients, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu13124305"},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ssekubugu, R., Makumbi, F., Enriquez, R., Lagerstr\u00f6m, S.R., Yeh, P.T., Kennedy, C.E., Gray, R.H., Negesa, L., Serwadda, D.M., and Kigozi, G. (2022). Cardiovascular (Framingham) and Type II Diabetes (Finnish Diabetes) Risk Scores: A Qualitative Study of Local Knowledge of Diet, Physical Activity and Body Measurements in Rural Rakai, Uganda. BMC Public. Health, 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12889-022-14620-9"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Roldan, C.A., Sibbitt, W.L., Greene, E.R., Qualls, C.R., and Jung, R.E. (2021). Libman-Sacks Endocarditis and Associated Cerebrovascular Disease: The Role of Medical Therapy. PLoS ONE, 16.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0247052"},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"998","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(23)01241-2","article-title":"Dilated Cardiomyopathy: Causes, Mechanisms, and Current and Future Treatment Approaches","volume":"402","author":"Heymans","year":"2023","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2016.03.590","article-title":"The Diagnosis and Evaluation of Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"67","author":"Japp","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e505","DOI":"10.7861\/clinmed.2021-0121","article-title":"Acute Myocarditis: Aetiology, Diagnosis and Management","volume":"21","author":"Lampejo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"95","DOI":"10.1016\/S0065-2776(08)00604-4","article-title":"Pathogenesis of Myocarditis and Dilated Cardiomyopathy","volume":"99","author":"Cihakova","year":"2008","journal-title":"Adv. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_71","first-page":"259","article-title":"Ten questions about eosinophilic myocarditis","volume":"23","author":"Pagura","year":"2022","journal-title":"G Ital. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2363","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2017.09.023","article-title":"Eosinophilic Myocarditis: Characteristics, Treatment, and Outcomes","volume":"70","author":"Brambatti","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.10875","article-title":"Accelerometer-Derived \u201cWeekend Warrior\u201d Physical Activity and Incident Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"330","author":"Khurshid","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1216","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.107.717033","article-title":"Preventing Heart Disease in the 21st Century: Implications of the Pathobiological Determinants of Atherosclerosis in Youth (PDAY) Study","volume":"117","author":"McGill","year":"2008","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"761","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(16)30506-2","article-title":"Global and Regional Effects of Potentially Modifiable Risk Factors Associated with Acute Stroke in 32 Countries (INTERSTROKE): A Case-Control Study","volume":"388","author":"Chin","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.1007\/s10557-012-6379-z","article-title":"Pleiotropic Effects of Dronedarone on Ischemia\/Reperfusion Injury in Heart and Brain","volume":"26","author":"Heusch","year":"2012","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Drugs Ther."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4374","DOI":"10.1080\/07391102.2018.1549508","article-title":"Computational Study of Conformational Changes in Human 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl Coenzyme Reductase Induced by Substrate Binding","volume":"37","author":"Costa","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Biomol. Struct. Dyn."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"71","DOI":"10.1016\/S0033-0620(98)80006-6","article-title":"Aggressive Lipid Therapy in the Statin Era","volume":"41","author":"Farmer","year":"1998","journal-title":"Prog. Cardiovasc. Dis."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"600","DOI":"10.1038\/s41569-023-00860-8","article-title":"Novel and Future Lipid-Modulating Therapies for the Prevention of Cardiovascular Disease","volume":"20","author":"Brandts","year":"2023","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_80","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e39","DOI":"10.1161\/CIR.0000000000000743","article-title":"Dietary Cholesterol and Cardiovascular Risk: A Science Advisory From the American Heart Association","volume":"141","author":"Carson","year":"2020","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_81","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"390","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCOUTCOMES.111.000071","article-title":"Comparative Tolerability and Harms of Individual Statins: A Study-Level Network Meta-Analysis of 246 955 Participants from 135 Randomized, Controlled Trials","volume":"6","author":"Naci","year":"2013","journal-title":"Circ. Cardiovasc. Qual. Outcomes"},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"791","DOI":"10.1007\/s11883-022-01054-2","article-title":"Bempedoic Acid: For Whom and When","volume":"24","author":"Ruscica","year":"2022","journal-title":"Curr. Atheroscler. Rep."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"373","DOI":"10.1517\/14740338.2011.540568","article-title":"Statin-Induced Myopathy: A Review and Update","volume":"10","author":"Abd","year":"2011","journal-title":"Expert. Opin. Drug Saf."},{"key":"ref_84","unstructured":"Arcangelo, V.P., and Peterson, A.M. (2006). Pharmacotherapeutics for Advanced Practice: A Practical Approach, Lippincott Williams & Wilkins."},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2312","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2023.04.028","article-title":"Beta-Blockers: The Constantly Swinging Pendulum","volume":"81","author":"Arnold","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1730","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.318.7200.1730","article-title":"Beta Blockade after Myocardial Infarction: Systematic Review and Meta Regression Analysis","volume":"318","author":"Freemantle","year":"1999","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_87","unstructured":"Frishman, W.H., Cheng-Lai, A., and Nawarskas, J. (2005). Current Cardiovascular Drugs, Current Medicine Group. [4th ed.]."},{"key":"ref_88","first-page":"336","article-title":"Sir James Black and Propranolol. The Role of the Basic Sciences in the History of Cardiovascular Pharmacology","volume":"24","author":"Stapleton","year":"1997","journal-title":"Tex. Heart Inst. J."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMcp060145","article-title":"Clinical Practice. Social Anxiety Disorder","volume":"355","author":"Schneier","year":"2006","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1067","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.055841","article-title":"Elevated MCU Expression by CaMKII\u03b4B Limits Pathological Cardiac Remodeling","volume":"145","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/0278-5846(92)90004-X","article-title":"Anxiolytics Not Acting at the Benzodiazepine Receptor: Beta Blockers","volume":"16","author":"Tyrer","year":"1992","journal-title":"Prog. Neuropsychopharmacol. Biol. Psychiatry"},{"key":"ref_92","unstructured":"Tindall, B. (2004). Better Playing through Chemistry, The New York Times."},{"key":"ref_93","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"201","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(07)60108-1","article-title":"Incident Diabetes in Clinical Trials of Antihypertensive Drugs: A Network Meta-Analysis","volume":"369","author":"Elliott","year":"2007","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"378","DOI":"10.1111\/pde.14537","article-title":"Commentary: Beta-Blockers and Sleep Problems","volume":"38","author":"Pope","year":"2021","journal-title":"Pediatr. Dermatol."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cojocariu, S.A., Ma\u0219taleru, A., Sasc\u0103u, R.A., St\u0103tescu, C., Mitu, F., and Leon-Constantin, M.M. (2021). Neuropsychiatric Consequences of Lipophilic Beta-Blockers. Medicina, 57.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina57020155"},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"638","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhsa.2020.03.026","article-title":"Leech Therapy Following Digital Replantation and Revascularization","volume":"45","author":"Pickrell","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Hand Surg. Am."},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"481","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0031-1284233","article-title":"Chemical and Mechanical Alternatives to Leech Therapy: A Systematic Review and Critical Appraisal","volume":"27","author":"Azzopardi","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Reconstr. Microsurg."},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1010","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jacc.2022.01.011","article-title":"Left Ventricular Thrombus Following Acute Myocardial Infarction: JACC State-of-the-Art Review","volume":"79","author":"Camaj","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Am. Coll. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"612467","DOI":"10.3389\/fped.2020.612467","article-title":"Challenges in Maintaining the Hemostatic Balance in Children Undergoing Extracorporeal Membrane Oxygenation: A Systematic Literature Review","volume":"8","author":"Drop","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pediatr."},{"key":"ref_100","first-page":"S11","article-title":"Safe Anticoagulation When Heart and Lungs Are \u201con Vacation\u201d","volume":"3","author":"Dobrovolskaia","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Transl. Med."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"770","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2018.5.38235","article-title":"Emergency Reversal of Anticoagulation","volume":"20","author":"Yee","year":"2019","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"386","DOI":"10.5811\/westjem.2011.3.2051","article-title":"Reversal of Warfarin-Induced Hemorrhage in the Emergency Department","volume":"12","author":"Zareh","year":"2011","journal-title":"West. J. Emerg. Med."},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"682","DOI":"10.1001\/jamacardio.2022.1166","article-title":"Apixaban or Warfarin and Aspirin or Placebo After Acute Coronary Syndrome or Percutaneous Coronary Intervention in Patients With Atrial Fibrillation and Prior Stroke: A Post Hoc Analysis From the AUGUSTUS Trial","volume":"7","author":"Bahit","year":"2022","journal-title":"JAMA Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"432","DOI":"10.1182\/asheducation-2018.1.432","article-title":"Breadth of Complications of Long-Term Oral Anticoagulant Care","volume":"2018","author":"Ageno","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hematology Am. Soc. Hematol. Educ. Program."},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1924","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2023.7843","article-title":"Direct Oral Anticoagulants vs Low-Molecular-Weight Heparin and Recurrent VTE in Patients With Cancer: A Randomized Clinical Trial","volume":"329","author":"Schrag","year":"2023","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1767","DOI":"10.1016\/S0140-6736(20)32439-9","article-title":"Direct Oral Anticoagulants: Evidence and Unresolved Issues","volume":"396","author":"Chan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Lancet"},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijcard.2021.11.008","article-title":"Comparison of Clinical Outcomes of Edoxaban versus Apixaban, Dabigatran, Rivaroxaban, and Vitamin K Antagonists in Patients with Atrial Fibrillation in Germany: A Real-World Cohort Study","volume":"346","author":"Marston","year":"2022","journal-title":"Int. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_108","first-page":"CD006466","article-title":"Oral Anticoagulation in People with Cancer Who Have No Therapeutic or Prophylactic Indication for Anticoagulation","volume":"12","author":"Kahale","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cochrane Database Syst. Rev."},{"key":"ref_109","unstructured":"Jeffreys, D. (2005). Aspirin: The Remarkable Story of a Wonder Drug, Bloomsbury."},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Elwood, P., Protty, M., Morgan, G., Pickering, J., Delon, C., and Watkins, J. (2016). Aspirin and Cancer: Biological Mechanisms and Clinical Outcomes. Open Biol., 12.","DOI":"10.1098\/rsob.220124"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1088","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2020.26867","article-title":"Diagnosis and Management of Transient Ischemic Attack and Acute Ischemic Stroke: A Review","volume":"325","author":"Mendelson","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_112","unstructured":"(2023, August 14). Aspirin Monograph for Professionals. Available online: https:\/\/www.drugs.com\/monograph\/aspirin.html."},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1879","DOI":"10.1055\/a-1853-2952","article-title":"Clopidogrel Monotherapy versus Aspirin Monotherapy in Patients with Established Cardiovascular Disease: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis","volume":"122","author":"Tasoudis","year":"2022","journal-title":"Thromb. Haemost."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"89","DOI":"10.3121\/cmr.2020.1548","article-title":"Aspirin in Primary Prevention of Cardiovascular Events","volume":"18","author":"Soodi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"334","DOI":"10.1111\/apt.17062","article-title":"Editorial: Risk of Gastric and Duodenal Ulcers among New Users of Low-Dose Aspirin","volume":"56","author":"Yeomans","year":"2022","journal-title":"Aliment. Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"827","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jaci.2020.10.043","article-title":"The Role of Aspirin Desensitization Followed by Oral Aspirin Therapy in Managing Patients with Aspirin-Exacerbated Respiratory Disease: A Work Group Report from the Rhinitis, Rhinosinusitis and Ocular Allergy Committee of the American Academy of Allergy, Asthma & Immunology","volume":"147","author":"Stevens","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Allergy Clin. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"292","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jphotobiol.2018.11.004","article-title":"Detection and Monitoring of in Vitro Formation of Salicylic Acid from Aspirin Using Fluorescence Spectroscopic Technique and DFT Calculations","volume":"189","author":"Singh","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Photochem. Photobiol. B"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Crane, P. (2013). Ginkgo: The Tree That Time Forgot, Yale University Press.","DOI":"10.5962\/p.390721"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"488","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tig.2021.01.009","article-title":"Ginkgo Biloba\u00a0","volume":"37","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Trends Genet."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Varga, E., Bodi, A., Ferdinandy, P., Droy-Lefaix, M.-T., Blasig, I.E., and Tosaki, A. The Protective Effect of EGb 761 in Isolated Ischemic\/Reperfused Rat Hearts: A Link Between Cardiac Function and Nitric Oxide Production J Cardiovasc Pharmacol. 1999, 34, 711\u2013717, 34.","DOI":"10.1097\/00005344-199911000-00013"},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"132","DOI":"10.2174\/1871527314666150202151440","article-title":"Ginkgo Biloba Extract 761: A Review of Basic Studies and Potential Clinical Use in Psychiatric Disorders","volume":"14","author":"Montes","year":"2015","journal-title":"CNS Neurol. Disord. Drug Targets"},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107","DOI":"10.1055\/s-0042-102884","article-title":"Extract of Ginkgo Biloba for Tardive Dyskinesia: Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"49","author":"Zheng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Pharmacopsychiatry"},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cccn.2003.12.014","article-title":"Electropharmacological Actions of Ginkgo Biloba Extract on Vascular Smooth and Heart Muscles","volume":"342","author":"Satoh","year":"2004","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1002\/pca.611","article-title":"Screening of Plant Extracts for Antioxidant Activity: A Comparative Study on Three Testing Methods","volume":"13","author":"Koleva","year":"2002","journal-title":"Phytochem. Anal."},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2002","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2009.01.013","article-title":"Chemical Analysis and Quality Control of Ginkgo Biloba Leaves, Extracts, and Phytopharmaceuticals","volume":"1216","author":"Montoro","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_126","unstructured":"Haines, D., Tosaki, A., and Mahmoud, F.F. (2001). Immunosuppressive Compositions Comprising an Immunophilin-Binding Compound and a Gingkolide Compound. (PCT\/US2001\/014718 (WO2001085206A2 WIPO (PCT)), Application."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"215","DOI":"10.1016\/S0092-8674(00)81573-1","article-title":"A Calcineurin-Dependent Transcriptional Pathway for Cardiac Hypertrophy","volume":"93","author":"Molkentin","year":"1998","journal-title":"Cell"},{"key":"ref_128","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"487","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1748-1716.2011.02387.x","article-title":"Role of Haeme Oxygenase-1 in Resolution of Oxidative Stress-Related Pathologies: Focus on Cardiovascular, Lung, Neurological and Kidney Disorders","volume":"204","author":"Haines","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Physiol."},{"key":"ref_129","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ulengin-Talkish, I., and Cyert, M.S. (2023). A Cellular Atlas of Calcineurin Signaling. Biochim. Biophys. Acta Mol. Cell Res., 1870.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbamcr.2022.119366"},{"key":"ref_130","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118951","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijpharm.2019.118951","article-title":"Delivery of FK506-Loaded PLGA Nanoparticles Prolongs Cardiac Allograft Survival","volume":"575","author":"Deng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Int. J. Pharm."},{"key":"ref_131","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jahr, H., van der Windt, A.E., Timur, U.T., Baart, E.B., Lian, W.-S., Rolauffs, B., Wang, F.-S., and Pufe, T. (2022). Physosmotic Induction of Chondrogenic Maturation Is TGF-\u03b2 Dependent and Enhanced by Calcineurin Inhibitor FK506. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23095110"},{"key":"ref_132","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1016\/0891-5849(93)90085-9","article-title":"Effects of SOD, Catalase, and a Novel Antiarrhythmic Drug, EGB 761, on Reperfusion-Induced Arrhythmias in Isolated Rat Hearts","volume":"14","author":"Tosaki","year":"1993","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_133","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.00616","article-title":"ArrhythmoGenoPharmacoTherapy","volume":"11","author":"Tosaki","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_134","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"86","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCRESAHA.123.322620","article-title":"Spatial Multiplexed Protein Profiling of Cardiac Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury","volume":"133","author":"Yao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Circ. Res."},{"key":"ref_135","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1016\/S0008-6363(95)00217-0","article-title":"The Evolution of Diabetic Response to Ischemia\/Reperfusion and Preconditioning in Isolated Working Rat Hearts","volume":"31","author":"Tosaki","year":"1996","journal-title":"Cardiovasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_136","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"765","DOI":"10.1016\/0002-9149(91)90538-V","article-title":"Effects of Superoxide Dismutase on Reperfusion Arrhythmias and Left Ventricular Function in Patients Undergoing Thrombolysis for Anterior Wall Acute Myocardial Infarction","volume":"67","author":"Murohara","year":"1991","journal-title":"Am. J. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_137","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s003950050068","article-title":"Apoptosis Is Prevented by Administration of Superoxide Dismutase in Dogs with Reperfused Myocardial Infarction","volume":"93","author":"Ambrosio","year":"1998","journal-title":"Basic. Res. Cardiol."},{"key":"ref_138","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"758","DOI":"10.1126\/science.abo6718","article-title":"Interplay between Calcium and Sarcomeres Directs Cardiomyocyte Maturation during Regeneration","volume":"380","author":"Nguyen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Science"},{"key":"ref_139","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"507","DOI":"10.1093\/oxfordjournals.ndt.a027319","article-title":"Prevention of Cyclosporin Nephrotoxicity with a Platelet-Activating Factor (PAF) Antagonist","volume":"11","author":"Bagnis","year":"1996","journal-title":"Nephrol. Dial. Transplant."},{"key":"ref_140","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1996","DOI":"10.1021\/acschembio.8b00458","article-title":"The Role of Reactive Oxygen Species and Ferroptosis in Heme-Mediated Activation of Human Platelets","volume":"13","author":"NaveenKumar","year":"2018","journal-title":"ACS Chem. Biol."},{"key":"ref_141","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2264","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180723161811","article-title":"Where Is the Clinical Breakthrough of Heme Oxygenase-1 \/ Carbon Monoxide Therapeutics?","volume":"24","author":"Hopper","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_142","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"97","DOI":"10.1007\/s12013-021-01047-z","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase 1 in Vertebrates: Friend and Foe","volume":"80","author":"Correa","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cell Biochem. Biophys."},{"key":"ref_143","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alharbi, K.S., Almalki, W.H., Albratty, M., Meraya, A.M., Najmi, A., Vyas, G., Singh, S.K., Dua, K., and Gupta, G. (2022). The Therapeutic Role of Nutraceuticals Targeting the Nrf2\/HO-1 Signaling Pathway in Liver Cancer. J. Food Biochem., 46.","DOI":"10.1111\/jfbc.14357"},{"key":"ref_144","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1043","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2022-0230","article-title":"Heme Delivery to Heme Oxygenase-2 Involves Glyceraldehyde-3-Phosphate Dehydrogenase","volume":"403","author":"Dai","year":"2022","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_145","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"13273","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.0c00586","article-title":"Role of Carbon Monoxide in Host-Gut Microbiome Communication","volume":"120","author":"Hopper","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_146","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L1029","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.2000.279.6.L1029","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase: Colors of Defense against Cellular Stress","volume":"279","author":"Otterbein","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_147","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"45","DOI":"10.1016\/j.niox.2021.04.001","article-title":"A Brief History of Carbon Monoxide and Its Therapeutic Origins","volume":"111\u2013112","author":"Hopper","year":"2021","journal-title":"Nitric Oxide"},{"key":"ref_148","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107975","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pharmthera.2021.107975","article-title":"Heme-Oxygenase and Lipid Mediators in Obesity and Associated Cardiometabolic Diseases: Therapeutic Implications","volume":"231","author":"McClung","year":"2022","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_149","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bj\u00f8rklund, G., Shanaida, M., Lysiuk, R., Butnariu, M., Peana, M., Sarac, I., Strus, O., Smetanina, K., and Chirumbolo, S. (2022). Natural Compounds and Products from an Anti-Aging Perspective. Molecules, 27.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules27207084"},{"key":"ref_150","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"247","DOI":"10.1016\/bs.vh.2022.10.008","article-title":"Ascorbic Acid as Antioxidant","volume":"121","author":"Skrzydlewska","year":"2023","journal-title":"Vitam. Horm."},{"key":"ref_151","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"964","DOI":"10.1111\/1541-4337.12924","article-title":"Vitamin E in Foodstuff: Nutritional, Analytical, and Food Technology Aspects","volume":"21","author":"Zaaboul","year":"2022","journal-title":"Compr. Rev. Food Sci. Food Saf."},{"key":"ref_152","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"309","DOI":"10.1016\/S0163-7827(99)00008-9","article-title":"Vitamin E and Its Function in Membranes","volume":"38","author":"Wang","year":"1999","journal-title":"Prog. Lipid Res."},{"key":"ref_153","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"72","DOI":"10.2183\/pjab.98.005","article-title":"Implications of Glutathione-S Transferase P1 in MAPK Signaling as a CRAF Chaperone: In Memory of Dr. Irving Listowsky","volume":"98","author":"Niitsu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Proc. Jpn. Acad. Ser. B Phys. Biol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_154","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1499","DOI":"10.1016\/S0006-2952(03)00504-5","article-title":"The Changing Faces of Glutathione, a Cellular Protagonist","volume":"66","author":"Pompella","year":"2003","journal-title":"Biochem. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_155","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"576","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2021.08.073","article-title":"Impact of Metal Nanoparticles on the Structure and Function of Metabolic Enzymes","volume":"188","author":"Malik","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_156","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"192","DOI":"10.1007\/s00018-003-3206-5","article-title":"Diversity of Structures and Properties among Catalases","volume":"61","author":"Chelikani","year":"2004","journal-title":"Cell Mol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_157","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrfmmm.2010.12.016","article-title":"Role of Oxidative Stress and DNA Damage in Human Carcinogenesis","volume":"711","author":"Kryston","year":"2011","journal-title":"Mutat. Res."},{"key":"ref_158","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2003193118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2003193118","article-title":"Mdm2 Phosphorylation by Akt Regulates the P53 Response to Oxidative Stress to Promote Cell Proliferation and Tumorigenesis","volume":"118","author":"Chibaya","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_159","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"371","DOI":"10.1007\/s00210-018-1462-z","article-title":"Endothelin-1-Induced Hypertrophic Alterations and Heme Oxygenase-1 Expression in Cardiomyoblasts Are Counteracted by Beta Estradiol: In Vitro and in Vivo Studies","volume":"391","author":"Barta","year":"2018","journal-title":"Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_160","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"315","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molmed.2023.01.007","article-title":"The Physiology of Bilirubin: Health and Disease Equilibrium","volume":"29","author":"Vitek","year":"2023","journal-title":"Trends Mol. Med."},{"key":"ref_161","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1835","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2010.3726","article-title":"A Central Role of Heme Oxygenase-1 in Cardiovascular Protection","volume":"15","author":"Wu","year":"2011","journal-title":"Antioxid. Redox Signal"},{"key":"ref_162","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106650","DOI":"10.1016\/j.prostaglandins.2022.106650","article-title":"Sexual Dimorphism in Renal Heme Oxygenase-1 and Arachidonic Acid Metabolizing Enzymes in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats versus Normotensive Wistar Kyoto Rats","volume":"161","author":"Alhashim","year":"2022","journal-title":"Prostagland. Other Lipid Mediat."},{"key":"ref_163","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8","DOI":"10.1165\/ajrcmb.27.1.4862","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1: The \u201cEmerging Molecule\u201d Has Arrived","volume":"27","author":"Morse","year":"2002","journal-title":"Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_164","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"615","DOI":"10.1161\/CIRCULATIONAHA.121.053889","article-title":"Metabolic Syndrome Mediates ROS-miR-193b-NFYA-Dependent Downregulation of Soluble Guanylate Cyclase and Contributes to Exercise-Induced Pulmonary Hypertension in Heart Failure With Preserved Ejection Fraction","volume":"144","author":"Satoh","year":"2021","journal-title":"Circulation"},{"key":"ref_165","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3727","DOI":"10.1167\/iovs.03-1324","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1-Related Carbon Monoxide and Flavonoids in Ischemic\/Reperfused Rat Retina","volume":"45","author":"Szabo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Investig. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci."},{"key":"ref_166","first-page":"435","article-title":"Evaluation of the Role of Reactive Oxygen Species in Doxorubicin Hydrochloride Nephrosis","volume":"118","author":"Bertolatus","year":"1991","journal-title":"J. Lab. Clin. Med."},{"key":"ref_167","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"223","DOI":"10.1159\/000507080","article-title":"A Novel Model of Balloon Angioplasty Injury in Rat Arteriovenous Fistula","volume":"57","author":"Somarathna","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Vasc. Res."},{"key":"ref_168","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1619","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2007.01.047","article-title":"Beneficial Effects of Carbon Monoxide-Releasing Molecules on Post-Ischemic Myocardial Recovery","volume":"80","author":"Varadi","year":"2007","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_169","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"H643","DOI":"10.1152\/ajpheart.2000.278.2.H643","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1-Derived Bilirubin Ameliorates Postischemic Myocardial Dysfunction","volume":"278","author":"Clark","year":"2000","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Heart Circ. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_170","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwong, A.M., Luke, P.P.W., and Bhattacharjee, R.N. (2022). Carbon Monoxide Mechanism of Protection against Renal Ischemia and Reperfusion Injury. Biochem. Pharmacol., 202.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bcp.2022.115156"},{"key":"ref_171","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"ALTamimi, J.Z., AlFaris, N.A., Alshammari, G.M., Alagal, R.I., Aljabryn, D.H., and Yahya, M.A. (2023). Esculeoside A Decreases Diabetic Cardiomyopathy in Streptozotocin-Treated Rats by Attenuating Oxidative Stress, Inflammation, Fibrosis, and Apoptosis: Impressive Role of Nrf2. Medicina, 59.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina59101830"},{"key":"ref_172","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"582","DOI":"10.3181\/0810-RM-312","article-title":"Heme Oxygenase-1 Inhibits Pro-Oxidant Induced Hypertrophy in HL-1 Cardiomyocytes","volume":"234","author":"Brunt","year":"2009","journal-title":"Exp. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_173","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2322","DOI":"10.2174\/1381612824666180727110353","article-title":"Role of Heme Oxygenases in Cardiovascular Syndromes and Co-Morbidities","volume":"24","author":"Haines","year":"2018","journal-title":"Curr. Pharm. Des."},{"key":"ref_174","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"412","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000132","article-title":"Cardioprotection Afforded by Sour Cherry Seed Kernel: The Role of Heme Oxygenase-1","volume":"64","author":"Czompa","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_175","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"286","DOI":"10.1097\/FJC.0000000000000472","article-title":"Alpha-Melanocyte-Stimulating Hormone Induces Vasodilation and Exerts Cardioprotection through the Heme-Oxygenase Pathway in Rat Hearts","volume":"69","author":"Vecsernyes","year":"2017","journal-title":"J. Cardiovasc. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_176","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"148","DOI":"10.1016\/j.phrs.2015.07.021","article-title":"Cardiovascular Effects of Low versus High-Dose Beta-Carotene in a Rat Model","volume":"100","author":"Csepanyi","year":"2015","journal-title":"Pharmacol. Res."},{"key":"ref_177","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"267","DOI":"10.1007\/s12192-014-0553-0","article-title":"Amelioration of Human Osteoarthritis Symptoms with Topical \u2018Biotherapeutics\u2019: A Phase I Human Trial","volume":"20","author":"Mahmoud","year":"2015","journal-title":"Cell Stress. Chaperones"},{"key":"ref_178","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"905","DOI":"10.1089\/jmf.2009.0188","article-title":"Isolation and Analysis of Bioactive Constituents of Sour Cherry (Prunus Cerasus) Seed Kernel: An Emerging Functional Food","volume":"13","author":"Bak","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Med. Food"},{"key":"ref_179","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"g4490","DOI":"10.1136\/bmj.g4490","article-title":"Fruit and Vegetable Consumption and Mortality from All Causes, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer: Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"349","author":"Wang","year":"2014","journal-title":"BMJ"},{"key":"ref_180","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Benatar, J.R., and Stewart, R.A.H. (2018). Cardiometabolic Risk Factors in Vegans; A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies. PLoS ONE, 13.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0209086"},{"key":"ref_181","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"51","DOI":"10.1007\/s00394-022-02942-8","article-title":"Vegetarian and Vegan Diets and the Risk of Cardiovascular Disease, Ischemic Heart Disease and Stroke: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies","volume":"62","author":"Dybvik","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Nutr."},{"key":"ref_182","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.2337\/dc22-1029","article-title":"The Portfolio Diet and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: Findings From the Women\u2019s Health Initiative Prospective Cohort Study","volume":"46","author":"Glenn","year":"2023","journal-title":"Diabetes Care"},{"key":"ref_183","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2011.04.024","article-title":"Meta-Analysis Comparing Mediterranean to Low-Fat Diets for Modification of Cardiovascular Risk Factors","volume":"124","author":"Nordmann","year":"2011","journal-title":"Am. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_184","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Guo, B., Yu, Y., Wang, M., Li, R., He, X., Tang, S., Liu, Q., and Mao, Y. (2024). Targeting the JAK2\/STAT3 Signaling Pathway with Natural Plants and Phytochemical Ingredients: A Novel Therapeutic Method for Combatting Cardiovascular Diseases. Biomed. Pharmacother., 172.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2024.116313"},{"key":"ref_185","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rajendran, P., Abdelsalam, S.A., Renu, K., Veeraraghavan, V., Ben Ammar, R., and Ahmed, E.A. (2022). Polyphenols as Potent Epigenetics Agents for Cancer. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms231911712"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6176\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T14:53:20Z","timestamp":1760108000000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/11\/6176"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"references-count":185,"journal-issue":{"issue":"11","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25116176"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25116176","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]}}}