{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,30]],"date-time":"2026-09-30T01:11:26Z","timestamp":1790730686133,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":132,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717459200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The respiratory system is constantly exposed to viral infections that are responsible for mild to severe diseases. In this narrative review, we focalized the attention on respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza virus, and severe acute respiratory syndrome-coronavirus-2 (SARS-CoV-2) infections, responsible for high morbidity and mortality in the last decades. We reviewed the human innate and adaptive immune responses in the airways following infection, focusing on a particular population: newborns and pregnant women. The recent Coronavirus disease-2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has highlighted how our interest in viral pathologies must not decrease. Furthermore, we must increase our knowledge of infection mechanisms to improve our future defense strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116178","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]],"date-time":"2024-06-04T05:17:30Z","timestamp":1717478250000},"page":"6178","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":59,"title":["Immune Response to Respiratory Viral Infections"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7421-0903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antonella","family":"Gambadauro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4166-2030","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Francesca","family":"Galletta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0003-4905-371X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alessandra","family":"Li Pomi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7664-3083","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Manti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Pediatric Unit, Department of Human Pathology in Adult and Developmental Age \u201cGaetano Barresi\u201d, University of Messina, Via Consolare Valeria 1, 98124 Messina, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1640-1928","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Giovanni","family":"Piedimonte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Office for Research and Departments of Pediatrics, Biochemistry, and Molecular Biology, Tulane University, New Orleans, LA 70112, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,4]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"107042","DOI":"10.1016\/j.rmed.2022.107042","article-title":"Global Morbidity and Mortality of Lower Respiratory Infections: A Population-Based Study","volume":"205","author":"Yang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Respir. 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