{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,5,12]],"date-time":"2026-05-12T01:08:59Z","timestamp":1778548139994,"version":"3.51.4"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717545600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R37CA269622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37CA269622"]}]},{"name":"National Cancer Institute","award":["R01CA27576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA27576"]}]},{"name":"Andrew Sabin Family Foundation Fellowship","award":["R37CA269622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37CA269622"]}]},{"name":"Andrew Sabin Family Foundation Fellowship","award":["R01CA27576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA27576"]}]},{"name":"Society of Interventional Radiology Foundation","award":["R37CA269622"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R37CA269622"]}]},{"name":"Society of Interventional Radiology Foundation","award":["R01CA27576"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R01CA27576"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The autonomic nervous system plays an integral role in motion and sensation as well as the physiologic function of visceral organs. The nervous system additionally plays a key role in primary liver diseases. Until recently, however, the impact of nerves on cancer development, progression, and metastasis has been unappreciated. This review highlights recent advances in understanding neuroanatomical networks within solid organs and their mechanistic influence on organ function, specifically in the liver and liver cancer. We discuss the interaction between the autonomic nervous system, including sympathetic and parasympathetic nerves, and the liver. We also examine how sympathetic innervation affects metabolic functions and diseases like nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). We also delve into the neurobiology of the liver, the interplay between cancer and nerves, and the neural regulation of the immune response. We emphasize the influence of the neuroimmune axis in cancer progression and the potential of targeted interventions like neurolysis to improve cancer treatment outcomes, especially for hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC).<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116237","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]],"date-time":"2024-06-05T11:50:09Z","timestamp":1717588209000},"page":"6237","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":9,"title":["The Neuroimmune Axis and Its Therapeutic Potential for Primary Liver Cancer"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Santosh K.","family":"Mandal","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1471, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Poonam","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1471, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9615-8985","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rahul A.","family":"Sheth","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Interventional Radiology, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, 1515 Holcombe Blvd., Unit 1471, Houston, TX 77030-4009, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,5]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3597","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuron.2022.10.017","article-title":"The sympathetic nervous system in the 21st century: Neuroimmune interactions in metabolic homeostasis and obesity","volume":"110","author":"Sweeney","year":"2022","journal-title":"Neuron"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17448069231182235","DOI":"10.1177\/17448069231182235","article-title":"Contribution of immune cells to cancer-related neuropathic pain: An updated review","volume":"19","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mol. 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