{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,11]],"date-time":"2026-11-11T03:18:37Z","timestamp":1794367117185,"version":"4.9.0"},"reference-count":113,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"11","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717632000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Foundation Bertarelli Catalyst Fund, EPFL (Ecole Polytechnique F\u00e9d\u00e9rale de Lausanne)","award":["CF10000044\u2014EPFL SCR0237812"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CF10000044\u2014EPFL SCR0237812"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Although glaucoma is a leading cause of irreversible blindness worldwide, its pathogenesis is incompletely understood, and intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor to target the disease. Several associations between the gut microbiome and glaucoma, including the IOP, have been suggested. There is growing evidence that interactions between microbes on the ocular surface, termed the ocular surface microbiome (OSM), and tear proteins, collectively called the tear proteome, may also play a role in ocular diseases such as glaucoma. This study aimed to find characteristic features of the OSM and tear proteins in patients with glaucoma. The whole-metagenome shotgun sequencing of 32 conjunctival swabs identified Actinobacteria, Firmicutes, and Proteobacteria as the dominant phyla in the cohort. The species Corynebacterium mastitidis was only found in healthy controls, and their conjunctival microbiomes may be enriched in genes of the phospholipase pathway compared to glaucoma patients. Despite these minor differences in the OSM, patients showed an enrichment of many tear proteins associated with the immune system compared to controls. In contrast to the OSM, this emphasizes the role of the proteome, with a potential involvement of immunological processes in glaucoma. These findings may contribute to the design of new therapeutic approaches targeting glaucoma and other associated diseases.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25116257","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]],"date-time":"2024-06-06T03:44:35Z","timestamp":1717645475000},"page":"6257","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":28,"title":["Exploring the Ocular Surface Microbiome and Tear Proteome in Glaucoma"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Livia","family":"Sp\u00f6rri","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2820-0277","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Anne-Christine","family":"Uldry","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6784-0854","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Kreuzer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Interfaculty Bioinformatics Unit and Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Elio L.","family":"Herzog","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Graduate School for Cellular and Biomedical Sciences, University of Bern, 3012 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Martin S.","family":"Zinkernagel","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan D.","family":"Unterlauft","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4147-5374","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Denise C.","family":"Zysset-Burri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, 3010 Bern, Switzerland"},{"name":"Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, 3008 Bern, Switzerland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,6]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1901","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2014.3192","article-title":"The pathophysiology and treatment of glaucoma: A review","volume":"311","author":"Weinreb","year":"2014","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"257","DOI":"10.4103\/0301-4738.53049","article-title":"Current concepts in the pathophysiology of glaucoma","volume":"57","author":"Agarwal","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian J. 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