{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,1,5]],"date-time":"2026-01-05T15:08:54Z","timestamp":1767625734047,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1717718400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Rudolf und Irmgard Kleinknecht-Stiftung","award":["TA 145\/17-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA 145\/17-1"]}]},{"name":"Johannes und Frieda Marohn-Stiftung","award":["TA 145\/17-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA 145\/17-1"]}]},{"name":"Wilhelm Sander-Stiftung","award":["TA 145\/17-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA 145\/17-1"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100001659","name":"Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["TA 145\/17-1"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["TA 145\/17-1"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100001659","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Bladder cancer (BC) is the 12th most commonly diagnosed cancer worldwide. Although there are several well-established molecular and immunological classifications, prognostic and predictive markers for tumor cells and immune cells are still needed. Using a tissue microarray, we analyzed the expression of the chemokine CC motif ligand 5 (CCL5) by immunohistochemistry (IHC) in 175 muscle-invasive BC samples. The application of a single cutoff for the staining status of tumor cells (TCs; positive vs. negative) and immune cells (ICs; positive vs. negative) revealed 75 patients (42.9%) and 123 patients (70.3%) with CCL5-positive TCs or ICs, respectively. IHC results were associated with prognostic and predictive data. Multivariate Cox regression analysis revealed that positive CCL5 staining in TCs was associated with significantly shorter disease-specific survival (DSS; RR = 1.51; p = 0.047), but CCL5-negative ICs were associated with significantly shorter overall survival (OS; RR = 1.66; p = 0.005), DSS (RR = 2.02; p = 0.001) and recurrence-free survival (RFS; RR = 1.94; p = 0.002). Adjuvant chemotherapy was favorable for patients with CCL5-negative ICs for OS (RR = 0.30; p = 0.006), DSS (RR = 0.36; p = 0.022) and RFS (RR = 0.41; p = 0.046) but not for patients with CCL5-positive ICs, except in the subgroup of N1 + N2 patients, where it was associated with better OS. We suggest that CCL5 expression can be a prognostic and predictive marker for muscle-invasive bladder cancer patients.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126325","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,7]],"date-time":"2024-06-07T10:43:42Z","timestamp":1717757022000},"page":"6325","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Prognostic and Predictive Potential of CCL5 Expression in Muscle-Invasive Bladder Cancer Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Cedric","family":"Smolka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Markus","family":"Eckstein","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Bridge Consortium, 68135 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Rudolf","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6772-508X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Verena","family":"Lieb","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Danijel","family":"Sikic","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Bridge Consortium, 68135 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Robert","family":"St\u00f6hr","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Bridge Consortium, 68135 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Veronika","family":"Bahlinger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0458-7075","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone","family":"Bertz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Astrid","family":"Kehlen","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Molecular Diagnostic Section Unit III, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Halle University Hospital, 06097 Halle (Saale), Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Arndt","family":"Hartmann","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Pathology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Bridge Consortium, 68135 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Bernd","family":"Wullich","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Bridge Consortium, 68135 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9077-1727","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Helge","family":"Taubert","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Bridge Consortium, 68135 Mannheim, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Sven","family":"Wach","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Urology and Pediatric Urology, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Comprehensive Cancer Center EMN, University Hospital Erlangen, FAU Erlangen-N\u00fcrnberg, 91054 Erlangen, Germany"},{"name":"Bridge Consortium, 68135 Mannheim, 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