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According to many studies, blueberries have been shown to have a therapeutic effect in a variety of diseases. Therefore, in this study, we investigated whether blueberry-treated mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-derived extracellular vesicles (B-EVs) have therapeutic effects in in vitro and in vivo stroke models. We isolated the extracellular vesicles using cryo-TEM and characterized the particles and concentrations using NTA. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (A-EVs) and B-EVs were round with a lipid bilayer structure and a diameter of ~150 nm. In addition, A-EVs and B-EVs were shown to affect angiogenesis, cell cycle, differentiation, DNA repair, inflammation, and neurogenesis following KEGG pathway and GO analyses. We investigated the protective effects of A-EVs and B-EVs against neuronal cell death in oxygen\u2013glucose deprivation (OGD) cells and a middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAo) animal model. The results showed that the cell viability was increased with EV treatment in HT22 cells. In the animal, the size of the cerebral infarction was decreased, and the behavioral assessment was improved with EV injections. The levels of NeuN and neurofilament heavy chain (NFH)-positive cells were also increased with EV treatment yet decreased in the MCAo group. In addition, the number of apoptotic cells was decreased with EV treatment compared with ischemic animals following TUNEL and Bax\/Bcl-2 staining. These data suggested that EVs, especially B-EVs, had a therapeutic effect and could reduce apoptotic cell death after ischemic injury.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126362","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,10]],"date-time":"2024-06-10T10:08:43Z","timestamp":1718014123000},"page":"6362","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["The Therapeutic Effects of Blueberry-Treated Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Ischemic Stroke"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0061-9968","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eunjae","family":"Jang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Hwasun-gun 58141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Hee","family":"Yu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Jeonnam Bioindustry Foundation Biopharmaceutical Research Center, Hwasun-gun 58141, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eungpil","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Infrastructure Project Organization for Global Industrialization of Vaccine, Sejong-si 30121, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinsu","family":"Hwang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jin","family":"Yoo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physical Education, Chonnam National University, Gwangju 61186, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiyun","family":"Choi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6921-6625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Han-Seong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8673-7887","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sujeong","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, Chonnam National University Medical School, Hwasun-gun 58128, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,8]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1457","DOI":"10.1016\/j.amjmed.2021.07.027","article-title":"Ischemic Stroke","volume":"134","author":"Feske","year":"2021","journal-title":"Am. 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