{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,4]],"date-time":"2026-11-04T01:18:21Z","timestamp":1793755101227,"version":"4.6.1"},"reference-count":52,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718064000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Division of Intramural Research, NIAID, NIH"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Background: The immune response dynamics in COVID-19 patients remain a subject of intense investigation due to their implications for disease severity and treatment outcomes. We examined changes in leukocyte levels, eosinophil activity, and cytokine profiles in patients hospitalized with COVID-19. Methods: Serum samples were collected within the first 10 days of hospitalization\/confirmed infection and analyzed for eosinophil granule proteins (EGP) and cytokines. Information from medical records including comorbidities, clinical symptoms, medications, and complete blood counts were collected at the time of admission, during hospitalization and at follow up approximately 3 months later. Results: Serum levels of eotaxin, type 1 and type 2 cytokines, and alarmin cytokines were elevated in COVID-19 patients, highlighting the heightened immune response (p &lt; 0.05). However, COVID-19 patients exhibited lower levels of eosinophils and eosinophil degranulation products compared to hospitalized controls (p &lt; 0.05). Leukocyte counts increased consistently from admission to follow-up, indicative of recovery. Conclusion: Attenuated eosinophil activity alongside elevated chemokine and cytokine levels during active infection, highlights the complex interplay of immune mediators in the pathogenesis COVID-19 and underscores the need for further investigation into immune biomarkers and treatment strategies.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126427","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,11]],"date-time":"2024-06-11T12:11:00Z","timestamp":1718107860000},"page":"6427","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["Immune Response Dynamics and Biomarkers in COVID-19 Patients"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2055-1013","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Maral","family":"Ranjbar","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ruth P.","family":"Cusack","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christiane E.","family":"Whetstone","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-9497-2104","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Danica L.","family":"Brister","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Wattie","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lesley","family":"Wiltshire","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nadia","family":"Alsaji","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jennifer","family":"Le Roux","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eric","family":"Cheng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Thivya","family":"Srinathan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Terence","family":"Ho","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St. Joe\u2019s Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0968-6304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roma","family":"Sehmi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"},{"name":"The Research Institute of St. Joe\u2019s Hamilton, Firestone Institute for Respiratory Health, St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Paul M.","family":"O\u2019Byrne","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Respirology, Department of Medicine, McMaster University, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"},{"name":"Hamilton Health Sciences, Hamilton, ON L8N 3Z5, Canada"},{"name":"St. Joseph\u2019s Healthcare Hamilton, Hamilton, ON L8N 4A6, Canada"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maryonne","family":"Snow-Smith","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Parasitic Diseases, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD 20892, 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