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Since SPD accumulates in glial cells, particularly in M\u00fcller retinal cells (MCs), the expression of the SPD-synthesizing enzyme spermidine synthase (SpdS) in M\u00fcller glia and age-dependent SpdS activity are not known. We used immunocytochemistry, Western blot (WB), and image analysis on rat retinae at postnatal days 3, 21, and 120. The anti-glutamine synthetase (GS) antibody was used to identify glial cells. In the neonatal retina (postnatal day 3 (P3)), SpdS was expressed in almost all progenitor cells in the neuroblast. However, by day 21 (P21), the SpdS label was pronouncedly expressed in multiple neurons, while GS labels were observed only in radial M\u00fcller glial cells. During early cell adulthood, at postnatal day 120 (P120), SpdS was observed solely in ganglion cells and a few other neurons. Western blot and semi-quantitative analyses of SpdS labeling showed a dramatic decrease in SpdS at P21 and P120 compared to P3. In conclusion, the redistribution of SpdS with aging indicates that SPD is first synthesized in all progenitor cells and then later in neurons, but not in glia. However, MCs take up and accumulate SPD, regardless of the age-associated decrease in SPD synthesis in neurons.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126458","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]],"date-time":"2024-06-12T04:15:27Z","timestamp":1718165727000},"page":"6458","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Spermidine Synthase Localization in Retinal Layers: Early Age Changes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Astrid","family":"Zayas-Santiago","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Christian J.","family":"Malpica-Nieves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"School of Chiropractic, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0004-0455-7903","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David S.","family":"R\u00edos","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Science and Health Professions, Universidad Central de Bayam\u00f3n, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00960, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-9995-9745","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Amanda","family":"D\u00edaz-Garc\u00eda","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6778-408X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Paola N.","family":"V\u00e1zquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Carolina, Carolina, PR 00984, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jos\u00e9 M.","family":"Santiago","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico-Carolina, Carolina, PR 00984, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"David E.","family":"Rivera-Aponte","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6253-9808","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"R\u00fcdiger W.","family":"Veh","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Charit\u00e9\u2013Universit\u00e4tsmedizin Berlin, Institut f\u00fcr Zell- und Neurobiologie, Centrum 2, Charit\u00e9platz 1, D-10117 Berlin, Germany"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0079-4042","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miguel","family":"M\u00e9ndez-Gonz\u00e1lez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, Aguadilla, PR 00603, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Misty","family":"Eaton","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3698-2419","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Serguei N.","family":"Skatchkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00956, USA"},{"name":"Department of Physiology, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayam\u00f3n, PR 00956, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,12]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"880","DOI":"10.1016\/j.drudis.2013.05.017","article-title":"Agmatine: Clinical Applications after 100 Years in Translation","volume":"18","author":"Piletz","year":"2013","journal-title":"Drug Discov. 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