{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,3,31]],"date-time":"2026-03-31T19:24:11Z","timestamp":1774985051673,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":250,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]],"date-time":"2024-06-13T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718236800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The physiology of reproduction has been of interest to researchers for centuries. The purpose of this work is to review the development of our knowledge on the neuroendocrine background of the regulation of ovulation. We first describe the development of the pituitary gland, the structure of the median eminence (ME), the connection between the hypothalamus and the pituitary gland, the ovarian and pituitary hormones involved in ovulation, and the pituitary cell composition. We recall the pioneer physiological and morphological investigations that drove development forward. The description of the supraoptic\u2013paraventricular magnocellular and tuberoinfundibular parvocellular systems and recognizing the role of the hypophysiotropic area were major milestones in understanding the anatomical and physiological basis of reproduction. The discovery of releasing and inhibiting hormones, the significance of pulse and surge generators, the pulsatile secretion of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and the subsequent pulsatility of luteinizing (LH) and follicle-stimulating hormones (FSH) in the human reproductive physiology were truly transformative. The roles of three critical neuropeptides, kisspeptin (KP), neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (Dy), were also identified. This review also touches on the endocrine background of human infertility and assisted fertilization.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126531","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T08:02:26Z","timestamp":1718352146000},"page":"6531","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":7,"title":["History of the Development of Knowledge about the Neuroendocrine Control of Ovulation\u2014Recent Knowledge on the Molecular Background"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0001-5652-9822","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Fl\u00f3ra","family":"Szab\u00f3","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Gastroenterology and Nutrition, Children\u2019s Hospital of Richmond, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, VA 23298, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Katalin","family":"K\u00f6ves","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Semmelweis University, 1094 Budapest, Hungary"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Levente","family":"G\u00e1l","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biological Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA 24061, USA"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,13]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"147","article-title":"On photoperiodism, reproductive periodicity, and the annual migrations of birds and certain fishes","volume":"38","author":"Rowan","year":"1926","journal-title":"Proc. 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