{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,1]],"date-time":"2026-10-01T19:25:26Z","timestamp":1790882726099,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":253,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718323200000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a chronic disease, which often develops in older people, but this is not the rule. AMD pathogenesis changes include the anatomical and functional complex. As a result of damage, it occurs, in the retina and macula, among other areas. These changes may lead to partial or total loss of vision. This disease can occur in two clinical forms, i.e., dry (progression is slowly and gradually) and exudative (wet, progression is acute and severe), which usually started as dry form. A coexistence of both forms is possible. AMD etiology is not fully understood. Extensive genetic studies have shown that this disease is multifactorial and that genetic determinants, along with environmental and metabolic-functional factors, are important risk factors. This article reviews the impact of heavy metals, macro- and microelements, and genetic factors on the development of AMD. We present the current state of knowledge about the influence of environmental factors and genetic determinants on the progression of AMD in the confrontation with our own research conducted on the Polish population from Kuyavian-Pomeranian and Lubusz Regions. Our research is concentrated on showing how polluted environments of large agglomerations affects the development of AMD. In addition to confirming heavy metal accumulation, the growth of risk of acute phase factors and polymorphism in the genetic material in AMD development, it will also help in the detection of new markers of this disease. This will lead to a better understanding of the etiology of AMD and will help to establish prevention and early treatment.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126567","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]],"date-time":"2024-06-14T08:52:10Z","timestamp":1718355130000},"page":"6567","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Immunogenetic and Environmental Factors in Age-Related Macular Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Sylwia","family":"Brodzka","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6698-5525","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"J\u0119drzej","family":"Baszy\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Katarzyna","family":"Rektor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Karolina","family":"Ho\u0142derna-Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Emilia","family":"Stanek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4669-1092","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Natalia","family":"Kurhaluk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in S\u0142upsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 S\u0142upsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3951-9005","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Halina","family":"Tkaczenko","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Biology, Pomeranian University in S\u0142upsk, Arciszewski St. 22 B, PL 76-200 S\u0142upsk, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7873-3875","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gra\u017cyna","family":"Malukiewicz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Eye Diseases, University Hospital No. 1, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4492-4796","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Alina","family":"Wo\u017aniak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Kar\u0142owicz St. 24, PL 85-092 Bydgoszcz, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1978-6018","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Piotr","family":"Kami\u0144ski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Ecology and Environmental Protection, Department of Medical Biology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Collegium Medicum in Bydgoszcz, Nicolaus Copernicus University in Toru\u0144, M. Sk\u0142odowska-Curie St. 9, PL 85-094 Bydgoszcz, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Biotechnology, Institute of Biological Sciences, Faculty of Biological Sciences, University of Zielona G\u00f3ra, Prof. Z. Szafran St. 1, PL 65-516 Zielona G\u00f3ra, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,14]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"477","DOI":"10.1001\/archopht.122.4.477","article-title":"Eye Diseases Prevalence Research Group. Causes and prevalence of visual impairment among adults in the United States","volume":"122","author":"Congdon","year":"2004","journal-title":"Arch. Ophthalmol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"229","DOI":"10.1016\/j.preteyeres.2004.02.001","article-title":"Genetic factors of age-related macular degeneration","volume":"23","author":"Tuo","year":"2004","journal-title":"Prog. Retin. 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