{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,18]],"date-time":"2026-08-18T04:49:02Z","timestamp":1787028542780,"version":"build-2736575974"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]],"date-time":"2024-06-16T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718496000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Despite continuous medical advancements, traumatic brain injury (TBI) remains a leading cause of death and disability worldwide. Consequently, there is a pursuit for biomarkers that allow non-invasive monitoring of patients after cranial trauma, potentially improving clinical management and reducing complications and mortality. Aquaporins (AQPs), which are crucial for transmembrane water transport, may be significant in this context. This study included 48 patients, with 27 having acute (aSDH) and 21 having chronic subdural hematoma (cSDH). Blood plasma samples were collected from the participants at three intervals: the first sample before surgery, the second at 15 h, and the third at 30 h post-surgery. Plasma concentrations of AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, and AQP9 were determined using the sandwich ELISA technique. CT scans were performed on all patients pre- and post-surgery. Correlations between variables were examined using Spearman\u2019s nonparametric rank correlation coefficient. A strong correlation was found between aquaporin 2 levels and the volume of chronic subdural hematoma and midline shift. However, no significant link was found between aquaporin levels (AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, and AQP9) before and after surgery for acute subdural hematoma, nor for AQP1, AQP4, and AQP9 after surgery for chronic subdural hematoma. In the chronic SDH group, AQP2 plasma concentration negatively correlated with the midline shift measured before surgery (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 \u22120.54; p = 0.017) and positively with hematoma volume change between baseline and 30 h post-surgery (Spearman\u2019s \u03c1 0.627; p = 0.007). No statistically significant correlation was found between aquaporin plasma levels and hematoma volume for AQP1, AQP2, AQP4, and AQP9 in patients with acute SDH. There is a correlation between chronic subdural hematoma volume, measured radiologically, and serum AQP2 concentration, highlighting aquaporins\u2019 potential as clinical biomarkers.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126617","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,17]],"date-time":"2024-06-17T11:14:16Z","timestamp":1718622856000},"page":"6617","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Aquaporin 2 in Cerebral Edema: Potential Prognostic Marker in Craniocerebral Injuries"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6949-2769","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Czy\u017cewski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Maria Sklodowska-Curie National Research Institute of Oncology, ul. W.K. 7 Roentgena 5, 02-781 Warsaw, Poland"},{"name":"Department of Didactics and Medical Simulation, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jan","family":"Korulczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery with Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-6061-8089","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Szymoniuk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7989-7401","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leon","family":"Sakwa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Faculty of Medical Sciences and Health Sciences, Kazimierz Pulaski University of Radom, 26-600 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7954-9263","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jakub","family":"Litak","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Clinical Immunology, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dominik","family":"Ziemianek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Czy\u017cewska","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Otolaryngology, Mazovian Specialist Hospital, 26-617 Radom, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marek","family":"Mazurek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1991-190X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Micha\u0142","family":"Kowalczyk","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"1st Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care, Medical University of Lublin, ul. Jaczewskiego 8, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0609-5819","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Grzegorz","family":"Turek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery, Postgraduate Medical Centre, Brodnowski Masovian Hospital, 8 Kondratowicza Str., 03-242 Warsaw, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Adrian","family":"Paw\u0142owski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Human, Clinical and Radiological Anatomy, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-0613-6593","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Rados\u0142aw","family":"Rola","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Pediatric Neurosurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Kamil","family":"Torres","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Plastic, Reconstructive Surgery with Microsurgery, Medical University of Lublin, 20-954 Lublin, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,16]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e075049","DOI":"10.1136\/bmjopen-2023-075049","article-title":"Original research: Global, regional and national burden of traumatic brain injury and spinal cord injury, 1990\u20132019: A systematic analysis for the Global Burden of Disease Study 2019","volume":"13","author":"Guan","year":"2023","journal-title":"BMJ Open"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"171","DOI":"10.25259\/SNI_203_2022","article-title":"A scoping review on the challenges, improvement programs, and relevant output metrics for neurotrauma services in major trauma centers","volume":"13","author":"Dasic","year":"2022","journal-title":"Surg. 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