{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,7,25]],"date-time":"2026-07-25T01:09:50Z","timestamp":1784941790030,"version":"3.55.0"},"reference-count":144,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Florida Department of Health","award":["22A17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22A17"]}]},{"name":"Florida Department of Health","award":["R21AG082164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG082164"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["22A17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22A17"]}]},{"name":"National Institutes of Health","award":["R21AG082164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG082164"]}]},{"name":"Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Research","award":["22A17"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["22A17"]}]},{"name":"Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Research","award":["R21AG082164"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["R21AG082164"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD) is a prevalent neurodegenerative disorder and a leading cause of dementia. Aging is a significant risk factor for AD, emphasizing the importance of early detection since symptoms cannot be reversed once the advanced stage is reached. Currently, there is no established method for early AD diagnosis. However, emerging evidence suggests that the microbiome has an impact on cognitive function. The gut microbiome and the brain communicate bidirectionally through the gut\u2013brain axis, with systemic inflammation identified as a key connection that may contribute to AD. Gut dysbiosis is more prevalent in individuals with AD compared to their cognitively healthy counterparts, leading to increased gut permeability and subsequent systemic inflammation, potentially causing neuroinflammation. Detecting brain activity traditionally involves invasive and expensive methods, but electroencephalography (EEG) poses as a non-invasive alternative. EEG measures brain activity and multiple studies indicate distinct patterns in individuals with AD. Furthermore, EEG patterns in individuals with mild cognitive impairment differ from those in the advanced stage of AD, suggesting its potential as a method for early indication of AD. This review aims to consolidate existing knowledge on the microbiome and EEG as potential biomarkers for early-stage AD, highlighting the current state of research and suggesting avenues for further investigation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126678","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T07:33:20Z","timestamp":1718696000000},"page":"6678","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["From Gut Microbiota to Brain Waves: The Potential of the Microbiome and EEG as Biomarkers for Cognitive Impairment"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Mahathi","family":"Krothapalli","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lauren","family":"Buddendorff","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4504-1597","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Hariom","family":"Yadav","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6038-7126","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Nathan D.","family":"Schilaty","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Center for Neuromusculoskeletal Research, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shalini","family":"Jain","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"USF Center for Microbiome Research, Microbiomes Institute, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosurgery and Brain Repair, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Kumar, A., Sidhu, J., Goyal, A., and Tsao, J.W. 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