{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,28]],"date-time":"2026-08-28T21:42:55Z","timestamp":1787953375561,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":84,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program through the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)","award":["UL1TR002373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002373"]}]},{"name":"Clinical and Translational Science Award (CTSA) program through the National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences (NCATS)","award":["P50-AG033514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-AG033514"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center (ADRC)","award":["UL1TR002373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002373"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Alzheimer\u2019s Disease Research Center (ADRC)","award":["P50-AG033514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-AG033514"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology start-up funds, and FRAXA Research Foundation","award":["UL1TR002373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002373"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin-Madison Department of Neurology start-up funds, and FRAXA Research Foundation","award":["P50-AG033514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-AG033514"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health","award":["UL1TR002373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002373"]}]},{"name":"University of Wisconsin Madison School of Medicine and Public Health","award":["P50-AG033514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-AG033514"]}]},{"name":"Herman and Gwendolyn Shapiro Foundation","award":["UL1TR002373"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["UL1TR002373"]}]},{"name":"Herman and Gwendolyn Shapiro Foundation","award":["P50-AG033514"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50-AG033514"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sleep problems are a significant phenotype in children with fragile X syndrome. Our prior work assessed sleep\u2013wake cycles in Fmr1KO male mice and wild type (WT) littermate controls in response to ketogenic diet therapy where mice were treated from weaning (postnatal day 18) through study completion (5\u20136 months of age). A potentially confounding issue with commencing treatment during an active period of growth is the significant reduction in weight gain in response to the ketogenic diet. The aim here was to employ sleep electroencephalography (EEG) to assess sleep\u2013wake cycles in mice in response to the Fmr1 genotype and a ketogenic diet, with treatment starting at postnatal day 95. EEG results were compared with prior sleep outcomes to determine if the later intervention was efficacious, as well as with published rest-activity patterns to determine if actigraphy is a viable surrogate for sleep EEG. The data replicated findings that Fmr1KO mice exhibit sleep\u2013wake patterns similar to wild type littermates during the dark cycle when maintained on a control purified-ingredient diet but revealed a genotype-specific difference during hours 4\u20136 of the light cycle of the increased wake (decreased sleep and NREM) state in Fmr1KO mice. Treatment with a high-fat, low-carbohydrate ketogenic diet increased the percentage of NREM sleep in both wild type and Fmr1KO mice during the dark cycle. Differences in sleep microstructure (length of wake bouts) supported the altered sleep states in response to ketogenic diet. Commencing ketogenic diet treatment in adulthood resulted in a 15% (WT) and 8.6% (Fmr1KO) decrease in body weight after 28 days of treatment, but not the severe reduction in body weight associated with starting treatment at weaning. We conclude that the lack of evidence for improved sleep during the light cycle (mouse sleep time) in Fmr1KO mice in response to ketogenic diet therapy in two studies suggests that ketogenic diet may not be beneficial in treating sleep problems associated with fragile X and that actigraphy is not a reliable surrogate for sleep EEG in mice.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126679","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T07:33:20Z","timestamp":1718696000000},"page":"6679","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Adult Inception of Ketogenic Diet Therapy Increases Sleep during the Dark Cycle in C57BL\/6J Wild Type and Fragile X Mice"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Pamela R.","family":"Westmark","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Timothy J.","family":"Swietlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ethan","family":"Runde","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brian","family":"Corsiga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rachel","family":"Nissan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Brynne","family":"Boeck","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ricky","family":"Granger","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Erica","family":"Jennings","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maya","family":"Nebbia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Andrew","family":"Thauwald","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Greg","family":"Lyon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rama K.","family":"Maganti","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3919-3279","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Cara J.","family":"Westmark","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"},{"name":"Molecular Environmental Toxicology Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17065","DOI":"10.1038\/nrdp.2017.65","article-title":"Fragile X syndrome","volume":"3","author":"Hagerman","year":"2017","journal-title":"Nat. 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