{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T19:14:49Z","timestamp":1788290089982,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":67,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Medical University of Silesia","award":["BNW-1\u2013015\/N\/3\/F"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["BNW-1\u2013015\/N\/3\/F"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Sulfonamides can be effectively removed from wastewater through a photocatalytic process. However, the mineralization achieved by this method is a long-term and expensive process. The effect of shortening the photocatalytic process is the partial degradation and formation of intermediates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the sensitivity and transformation of photocatalytic reaction intermediates in aerobic biological processes. Sulfadiazine and sulfamethoxazole solutions were used in the study, which were irradiated in the presence of a TiO2-P25 catalyst. The resulting solutions were then aerated after the addition of river water or activated sludge suspension from a commercial wastewater treatment plant. The reaction kinetics were determined and fifteen products of photocatalytic degradation of sulfonamides were identified. Most of these products were further transformed in the presence of activated sludge suspension or in water taken from the river. They may have been decomposed into other organic and inorganic compounds. The formation of biologically inactive acyl derivatives was observed in the biological process. However, compounds that are more toxic to aquatic organisms than the initial drugs can also be formed. After 28 days, the sulfamethoxazole concentration in the presence of activated sludge was reduced by 66 \u00b1 7%. Sulfadiazine was practically non-biodegradable under the conditions used. The presented results confirm the advisability of using photocatalysis as a process preceding biodegradation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126688","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T07:33:20Z","timestamp":1718696000000},"page":"6688","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Biodegradation of Photocatalytic Degradation Products of Sulfonamides: Kinetics and Identification of Intermediates"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Daria","family":"Madej-Knysak","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ewa","family":"Adamek","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6635-136X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Wojciech","family":"Baran","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General and Analytical Chemistry, Medical University of Silesia, Jagiello\u0144ska 4, 41-200 Sosnowiec, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"European Medicines Agency (2024, May 14). Sales of Veterinary Antimicrobial Agents in 31 European Countries in 2022, Available online: https:\/\/www.ema.europa.eu\/en\/documents\/report\/sales-veterinary-antimicrobial-agents-31-european-countries-2022-trends-2010-2022-thirteenth-esvac-report_en.pdf."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"472","DOI":"10.1007\/s00128-017-2052-3","article-title":"Occurrence of Veterinary Antibiotics in Swine Manure from Large-Scale Feedlots in Zhejiang Province, China","volume":"98","author":"Wang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5077","DOI":"10.1007\/s12665-015-4528-y","article-title":"Antibiotic Contamination in Animal Manure, Soil, and Sewage Sludge in Shenyang, Northeast China","volume":"74","author":"An","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Earth Sci."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136916","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2020.136916","article-title":"Sulfamethoxazole\/Trimethoprim Ratio as a New Marker in Raw Wastewaters: A Critical Review","volume":"715","author":"Thiebault","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3793","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2009.03.009","article-title":"Occurrence of Pharmaceuticals in Taiwan\u2019s Surface Waters: Impact of Waste Streams from Hospitals and Pharmaceutical Production Facilities","volume":"407","author":"Lin","year":"2009","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2011.08.082","article-title":"Effects of the Presence of Sulfonamides in the Environment and Their Influence on Human Health","volume":"196","author":"Baran","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134552","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134552","article-title":"Ecological and Human Health Risk of Sulfonamides in Surface Water and Groundwater of Huixian Karst Wetland in Guilin, China","volume":"708","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"153178","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.153178","article-title":"Occurrence and Ecotoxicity of Sulfonamides in the Aquatic Environment: A Review","volume":"820","author":"Duan","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"534","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxrep.2022.03.034","article-title":"A Review on the Ecotoxicological Effect of Sulphonamides on Aquatic Organisms","volume":"9","author":"Zhou","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10389","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-020-10982-5","article-title":"Living with Sulfonamides: A Diverse Range of Mechanisms Observed in Bacteria","volume":"104","author":"Nunes","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2017.11.287","article-title":"Occurrence and Risk Assessment of Antibiotics in Water and Lettuce in Ghana","volume":"622\u2013623","author":"Azanu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126351","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2020.126351","article-title":"Occurrence and Toxicity of Antibiotics in the Aquatic Environment: A Review","volume":"251","author":"Kovalakova","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3510","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.chemrev.8b00299","article-title":"Pharmaceuticals of Emerging Concern in Aquatic Systems: Chemistry, Occurrence, Effects, and Removal Methods","volume":"119","author":"Patel","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Rev."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.psep.2016.06.015","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Veterinary Antibiotics: Biodegradability and Antimicrobial Activity of Intermediates","volume":"103","author":"Adamek","year":"2016","journal-title":"Process Saf. Environ. Prot."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cyco\u0144, M., Mrozik, A., and Piotrowska-Seget, Z. (2019). Antibiotics in the Soil Environment\u2014Degradation and Their Impact on Microbial Activity and Diversity. Front. Microbiol., 10.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2019.00338"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecolind.2007.06.002","article-title":"Veterinary Antibiotics in the Aquatic and Terrestrial Environment","volume":"8","author":"Kemper","year":"2008","journal-title":"Ecol. Indic."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"100971","DOI":"10.1016\/j.disamonth.2020.100971","article-title":"Antimicrobial Resistance, Mechanisms and Its Clinical Significance","volume":"66","author":"Abushaheen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Disease-a-Month"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"297","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.11.012","article-title":"Appraisal of Potential Environmental Risks Associated with Human Antibiotic Consumption in Turkey","volume":"166","author":"Turkdogan","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"462","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2010.11.011","article-title":"Occurrence of Sulfonamide Residues along the Ebro River Basin: Removal in Wastewater Treatment Plants and Environmental Impact Assessment","volume":"37","year":"2011","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136192","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.136192","article-title":"Occurrence, Ecotoxicological Risks of Sulfonamides and Their Acetylated Metabolites in the Typical Wastewater Treatment Plants and Receiving Rivers at the Pearl River Delta","volume":"709","author":"Cui","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"785","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2017.09.024","article-title":"New Insights into the Chlorination of Sulfonamide: Smiles-Type Rearrangement, Desulfation, and Product Toxicity","volume":"331","author":"Fu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"159122","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2022.159122","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole Using TiO2-Based Materials\u2014Perspectives for the Development of a Sustainable Water Treatment Technology","volume":"856","author":"Musial","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135023","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.135023","article-title":"Degradation of Antibiotics by Advanced Oxidation Processes: An Overview","volume":"701","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117463","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2021.117463","article-title":"Abiotic Transformation and Ecotoxicity Change of Sulfonamide Antibiotics in Environmental and Water Treatment Processes: A Critical Review","volume":"202","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9019","DOI":"10.1021\/jp073990k","article-title":"Free-Radical-Induced Oxidative and Reductive Degradation of Sulfa Drugs in Water: Absolute Kinetics and Efficiencies of Hydroxyl Radical and Hydrated Electron Reactions","volume":"111","author":"Mezyk","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"101603","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mtchem.2023.101603","article-title":"Recent Advances in Photocatalytic Removal of Sulfonamide Pollutants from Waste Water by Semiconductor Heterojunctions: A Review","volume":"30","author":"Rana","year":"2023","journal-title":"Mater. Today Chem."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"135470","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jclepro.2022.135470","article-title":"Selective Photocatalytic Removal of Sulfonamide Antibiotics: The Performance Differences in Molecularly Imprinted TiO2 Synthesized Using Four Template Molecules","volume":"383","author":"Li","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Clean. Prod."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"165045","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2023.165045","article-title":"Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole and Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Surface Water in the Photocatalyst-Loading Bionic Ecosystems","volume":"895","author":"Zhou","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141218","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2024.141218","article-title":"Promoting the Suitability of Graphitic Carbon Nitride and Metal Oxide Nanoparticles: A Review of Sulfonamides Photocatalytic Degradation","volume":"351","author":"Zango","year":"2024","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"103","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2015.04.002","article-title":"Photocatalytic Decomposition Behavior and Reaction Pathway of Sulfamethazine Antibiotic Using TiO2","volume":"157","author":"Fukahori","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"88","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2017.03.059","article-title":"Photodegradation of Sulfonamides by G-C3N4 under Visible Light Irradiation: Effectiveness, Mechanism and Pathways","volume":"210","author":"Song","year":"2017","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127864","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.127864","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamides in 4-Phenoxyphenol-Modified g-C3N4 Composites: Performance and Mechanism","volume":"421","author":"Tan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cattod.2010.02.068","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation Kinetics and Mechanism of Environmental Pharmaceuticals in Aqueous Suspension of TiO2: A Case of Sulfa Drugs","volume":"153","author":"Yang","year":"2010","journal-title":"Catal. Today"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11865","DOI":"10.1007\/s13762-023-04771-6","article-title":"Enhanced Photocatalytic Activity of Fe-, S- and N-Codoped TiO2 for Sulfadiazine Degradation","volume":"20","author":"Xin","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sapi\u0144ska, D., Adamek, E., Masternak, E., Zieli\u0144ska-Danch, W., and Baran, W. (2022). Influence of pH on the Kinetics and Products of Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfonamides in Aqueous Solutions. Toxics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics10110655"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2467","DOI":"10.1002\/etc.5620191011","article-title":"Biodegradability Properties of Sulfonamides in Activated Sludge","volume":"19","author":"Ingerslev","year":"2000","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127248","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127248","article-title":"Insights into Removal of Sulfonamides in Anaerobic Activated Sludge System: Mechanisms, Degradation Pathways and Stress Responses","volume":"423","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"240","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.03.096","article-title":"Biodegradation of Typical Pharmaceutical Compounds by a Novel Strain Acinetobacter sp.","volume":"217","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111020","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.111020","article-title":"Review of Biodegradation of Sulfonamide Antibiotics Influenced by Dissolved Organic Matter and Iron Oxides","volume":"11","author":"Ji","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122636","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2019.122636","article-title":"Ultrasound-Assisted Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfadiazine Using MgO@CNT Heterojunction Composite: Effective Factors, Pathway and Biodegradability Studies","volume":"381","author":"Hayati","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"259","DOI":"10.1016\/j.seppur.2018.03.060","article-title":"Radiolytic Decomposition of Sulfonamide Antibiotics: Implications to the Kinetics, Mechanisms and Toxicity","volume":"202","author":"Liu","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sep. Purif. Technol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3215","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cclet.2021.03.064","article-title":"Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfadiazine in Suspensions of TiO2 Nanosheets with Exposed (001) Facets","volume":"32","author":"Xiang","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chin. Chem. Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"42233","DOI":"10.1039\/C7RA07920F","article-title":"Degradation of Aquatic Sulfadiazine by Fe0\/Persulfate: Kinetics, Mechanisms, and Degradation Pathway","volume":"7","author":"Yang","year":"2017","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"224","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jenvman.2018.06.097","article-title":"Sulfonamides Degradation Assisted by UV, UV\/H2O2 and UV\/K2S2O8: Efficiency, Mechanism and Byproducts Cytotoxicity","volume":"225","author":"Polo","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Environ. Manag."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3573","DOI":"10.1007\/s00253-018-8845-4","article-title":"Microbial Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole in the Environment","volume":"102","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"Appl. Microbiol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9566","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.est.6b02231","article-title":"Aerobic Degradation of Sulfadiazine by Arthrobacter spp.: Kinetics, Pathways, and Genomic Characterization","volume":"50","author":"Deng","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Technol."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2018.08.021","article-title":"Biodegradation of Sulfadiazine in Microbial Fuel Cells: Reaction Mechanism, Biotoxicity Removal and the Correlation with Reactor Microbes","volume":"360","author":"Wang","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1465","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2018.06.016","article-title":"Overview of Sulfonamide Biodegradation and the Relevant Pathways and Microorganisms","volume":"640\u2013641","author":"Chen","year":"2018","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125840","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.125840","article-title":"Anaerobic Biodegradation of Four Sulfanilamide Antibiotics: Kinetics, Pathways and Microbiological Studies","volume":"416","author":"Wang","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127661","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2021.127661","article-title":"Comparison of Chemical and Biological Degradation of Sulfonamides: Solving the Mystery of Sulfonamide Transformation","volume":"424","author":"Hu","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1527","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.11.019","article-title":"Photocatalytic Oxidation of Sulfamethoxazole in the Presence of TiO2: Effect of Matrix in Aqueous Solution on Decomposition Mechanisms","volume":"359","author":"Yuan","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"118716","DOI":"10.1016\/j.apcatb.2020.118716","article-title":"Smart Pathways for the Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole Drug Using F-Pd Co-Doped TiO2 Nanocomposites","volume":"267","author":"Jahdi","year":"2020","journal-title":"Appl. Catal. B Environ."},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131585","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2021.131585","article-title":"Rationally Constructing of a Novel Composite Photocatalyst with Multi Charge Transfer Channels for Highly Efficient Sulfamethoxazole Elimination: Mechanism, Degradation Pathway and DFT Calculation","volume":"426","author":"Gao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124303","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2020.124303","article-title":"Enhanced Removal of Sulfadiazine by Sulfidated ZVI Activated Persulfate Process: Performance, Mechanisms and Degradation Pathways","volume":"388","author":"Guo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106243","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2021.106243","article-title":"Effect of Wavelengths on Photocatalytic Oxidation Mechanism of Sulfadiazine and Sulfamethoxazole in the Presence of TiO2","volume":"9","author":"Li","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124418","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2019.124418","article-title":"Sulfadiazine Biodegradation by Phanerochaete chrysosporium: Mechanism and Degradation Product Identification","volume":"237","author":"Zhang","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123310","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envpol.2024.123310","article-title":"Sulfadiazine Chlorination Disinfection By-Products in Constructed Wetlands: Identification of Biodegradation Products and Inference of Transformation Pathways","volume":"344","author":"Wang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Pollut."},{"key":"ref_58","first-page":"2331","article-title":"Removal Trends of Sulfonamides and Their ARGs during Soil Aquifer Treatment and Subsequent Chlorination: Effect of Aerobic and Anaerobic Biodegradation","volume":"6","author":"Qin","year":"2020","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Wat. Res."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"109994","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jece.2023.109994","article-title":"Theoretical Investigation on the Degradation of Sulfadiazine in Water Environments: Oxidation of \u2022OH, SO4\u2022\u2212 and CO3\u2022\u2212 and Reactivity of (TiO2)n Clusters (n = 1\u20136)","volume":"11","author":"Xu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Environ. Chem. Eng."},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"205","DOI":"10.1007\/s40201-021-00769-9","article-title":"Oxidative Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole from Secondary Treated Effluent by Ferrate(VI): Kinetics, by-Products, Degradation Pathway and Toxicity Assessment","volume":"20","author":"Jebalbarezi","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Environ. Health Sci. Eng."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1295","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2006.04.040","article-title":"Toxicity and Biodegradability of Sulfonamides and Products of Their Photocatalytic Degradation in Aqueous Solutions","volume":"65","author":"Baran","year":"2006","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2016.04.052","article-title":"Determination and Toxicity Evaluation of the Generated Products in Sulfamethoxazole Degradation by UV\/CoFe2O4\/TiO2","volume":"314","author":"Gong","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3799","DOI":"10.1016\/j.watres.2008.07.019","article-title":"Ozone and Photocatalytic Processes to Remove the Antibiotic Sulfamethoxazole from Water","volume":"42","author":"Aguinaco","year":"2008","journal-title":"Water Res."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"143","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2016.06.012","article-title":"Solar Photocatalytic Degradation of Sulfamethoxazole over Tungsten\u2014Modified TiO2","volume":"318","author":"Ioannidou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2480","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.08.091","article-title":"Reduction of Toxicity of Antimicrobial Compounds by Degradation Processes Using Activated Sludge, Gamma Radiation, and UV","volume":"93","author":"Kim","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2802","DOI":"10.1002\/jctb.4888","article-title":"Combination of Enzymatic Degradation by Chloroperoxidase with Activated Sludge Treatment to Remove Sulfamethoxazole: Performance, and Eco-Toxicity Assessment","volume":"91","author":"Zhang","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Chem. Technol. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1986","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2007.12.006","article-title":"ECOSAR Model Performance with a Large Test Set of Industrial Chemicals","volume":"71","author":"Reuschenbach","year":"2008","journal-title":"Chemosphere"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/12\/6688\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:00:30Z","timestamp":1760108430000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/12\/6688"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"references-count":67,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25126688"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25126688","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]}}}