{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,23]],"date-time":"2026-09-23T20:04:22Z","timestamp":1790193862322,"version":"4.1.0"},"reference-count":99,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Poznan University of Medical Sciences"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Cystic fibrosis (CF), also known as mucoviscidosis, is the most common autosomal recessive genetic disease in the Caucasian population, with an estimated frequency of 1:2000\u20133000 live births. CF results from the mutation of the cystic fibrosis transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR) gene localized in the long arm of chromosome 7. The product of CFTR gene expression is CFTR protein, an adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-binding cassette (ABC) transporter that regulates the transport of chloride ions (Cl\u2212) across the apical cell membrane. Primary manifestations of CF include chronic lung and pancreas function impairment secondary to the production of thick, sticky mucus resulting from dehydrated secretions. It is well known that CF can cause both anterior and posterior ocular abnormalities. Conjunctival and corneal xerosis and dry eye disease symptoms are the most characteristic manifestations in the anterior segment. In contrast, the most typical anatomical and functional changes relating to the posterior segment of the eye include defects in the retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL), vascular abnormalities, and visual disturbances, such as reduced contrast sensitivity and abnormal dark adaptation. However, the complete background of ophthalmic manifestations in the course of CF has yet to be discovered. This review summarizes the current knowledge regarding ocular changes in cystic fibrosis.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126692","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T07:33:20Z","timestamp":1718696000000},"page":"6692","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":12,"title":["Ocular Changes in Cystic Fibrosis: A Review"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6942-2506","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Slawomir","family":"Liberski","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, A. Szamarzewskiego 84, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-4079-8881","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Filippo","family":"Confalonieri","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, IRCCS Humanitas Research Hospital, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, 20090 Pieve Emanuele, Milan, Italy"},{"name":"Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Szczepan","family":"Cofta","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Respiratory Medicine, Allergology and Pulmonary Oncology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, A. Szamarzewskiego 84, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2905-9252","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Goran","family":"Petrovski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Eye Research and Innovative Diagnostics, Department of Ophthalmology, Institute for Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway"},{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Oslo University Hospital, Kirkeveien 166, 0450 Oslo, Norway"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jaros\u0142aw","family":"Koci\u0119cki","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Ophthalmology, Poznan University of Medical Sciences, A. Szamarzewskiego 84, 61-848 Poznan, Poland"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nebbioso, M., Quattrucci, S., Leggieri, E., Spadea, L., and Vingolo, E.M. (2014). Cystic fibrosis and new trends by ophthalmological evaluation: A pilot study. BioMed Res. Int., 2014.","DOI":"10.1155\/2014\/580373"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1553","DOI":"10.1183\/09031936.00164212","article-title":"CFTR dysfunction induces vascular endothelial growth factor synthesis in airway epithelium","volume":"42","author":"Martin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Eur. Respir. 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