{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,11]],"date-time":"2025-10-11T01:11:12Z","timestamp":1760145072445,"version":"build-2065373602"},"reference-count":44,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]],"date-time":"2024-06-18T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718668800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"JSPS Open Partnership Joint Research Projects","award":["JPJSBP120239904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120239904"]}]},{"name":"Tohoku University\u2019s Advanced Graduate School Pioneering Research Support Project for PhD Students","award":["JPJSBP120239904"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["JPJSBP120239904"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The emergence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) posed a major challenge to healthcare systems worldwide, especially as mutations in the culprit Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) complicated the development of vaccines and antiviral drugs. Therefore, the search for natural products with broad anti-SARS-CoV-2 capabilities is an important option for the prevention and treatment of similar infectious diseases. Lectins, which are widely recognized as antiviral agents, could contribute to the development of anti-SARS-CoV-2 drugs. This study evaluated the binding affinity of six lectins (including the cyanobacterial lectin from Microcystis viridis NIES-102 (MVL), and Jacalin, a lectin from the breadfruit, Artocarpus altilis) to the receptor binding domain (RBD) of the spike protein on the original (wild) SARS-CoV-2 and three of its mutants: Alpha, Delta, and Omicron. MVL and Jacalin showed distinct binding affinity to the RBDs of the four SARS-CoV-2 strains. The remaining four lectins (DB1, ConA, PHA-M and CSL3) showed no such binding affinity. Although the glycan specificities of MVL and Jacalin were different, they showed the same affinity for the spike protein RBDs of the four SARS-CoV-2 strains, in the order of effectiveness Alpha &gt; Delta &gt; original &gt; Omicron. The verification of glycan-specific inhibition revealed that both lectins bind to RBDs by glycan-specific recognition, but, in addition, MVL binds to RBDs through protein\u2013protein interactions.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126696","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T03:46:29Z","timestamp":1718855189000},"page":"6696","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":1,"title":["Microcystis viridis NIES-102 Cyanobacteria Lectin (MVL) Interacts with SARS-CoV-2 Spike Protein Receptor Binding Domains (RBDs) via Protein\u2013Protein Interaction"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Zhengguang","family":"Wang","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Zhihan","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mami","family":"Shishido","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3079-1697","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Khadija","family":"Daoudi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Masafumi","family":"Hidaka","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Hiroaki","family":"Tateno","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Cellular and Molecular Biotechnology Research Institute, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology, Tsukuba 305-8566, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0879-6117","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eugene","family":"Futai","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8700-6330","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Tomohisa","family":"Ogawa","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Enzymology, Graduate School of Agricultural Sciences, Tohoku University, Sendai 980-8572, Japan"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,18]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","first-page":"498","article-title":"Harrison, Viral membrane fusion","volume":"479\u2013480","author":"Stephen","year":"2015","journal-title":"Virology"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1009","DOI":"10.1089\/ars.2007.1639","article-title":"Cell entry by enveloped viruses: Redox considerations for HIV and SARS-coronavirus","volume":"9","author":"Fenouillet","year":"2007","journal-title":"Antioxid. 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