{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,22]],"date-time":"2026-09-22T06:35:07Z","timestamp":1790058907291,"version":"4.0.1"},"reference-count":62,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"12","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718841600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Shandong Province Modern Agricultural Technology System","award":["SDAIT-25-01"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SDAIT-25-01"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Salt stress seriously affects crop growth, leading to a decline in crop quality and yield. Application of exogenous substances to improve the salt tolerance of crops and promote their growth under salt stress has become a widespread and effective means. Eugenol is a small molecule of plant origin with medicinal properties such as antibacterial, antiviral, and antioxidant properties. In this study, tobacco seedlings were placed in Hoagland\u2019s solution containing NaCl in the presence or absence of eugenol, and physiological indices related to stress tolerance were measured along with transcriptome sequencing. The results showed that eugenol improved the growth of tobacco seedlings under salt stress. It promoted carbon and nitrogen metabolism, increased the activities of nitrate reductase (NR), sucrose synthase (SS), and glutamine synthetase (GS) by 31.03, 5.80, and 51.06%. It also activated the enzymatic and non-enzymatic antioxidant systems, reduced the accumulation of reactive oxygen species in the tobacco seedlings, and increased the activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), catalase (CAT), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX) by 24.38%, 18.22%, 21.60%, and 28.8%, respectively. The content of glutathione (GSH) was increased by 29.49%, and the content of superoxide anion (O2\u2212) and malondialdehyde (MDA) were reduced by 29.83 and 33.86%, respectively. Promoted osmoregulation, the content of Na+ decreased by 34.34, K+ increased by 41.25%, and starch and soluble sugar increased by 7.72% and 25.42%, respectively. It coordinated hormone signaling in seedlings; the content of abscisic acid (ABA) and gibberellic acid 3 (GA3) increased by 51.93% and 266.28%, respectively. The transcriptome data indicated that the differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in phenylpropanoid biosynthesis, the MAPK signaling pathway, and phytohormone signal transduction pathways. The results of this study revealed the novel role of eugenol in regulating plant resistance and provided a reference for the use of exogenous substances to alleviate salt stress.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25126771","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]],"date-time":"2024-06-20T05:27:19Z","timestamp":1718861239000},"page":"6771","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":13,"title":["Exogenous Eugenol Alleviates Salt Stress in Tobacco Seedlings by Regulating the Antioxidant System and Hormone Signaling"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jiaxin","family":"Xu","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Tingting","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xiaoyu","family":"Wang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Honghao","family":"Yan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1833-495X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Peng","family":"Liu","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Xin","family":"Hou","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yun","family":"Gao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-9990-8398","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Long","family":"Yang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7725-9369","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Plant Protection, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian 271000, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chen, Y., Zhang, S., Du, S., Wang, G., Zhang, J., and Jiang, J. (2022). Effects of exogenous (K+) potassium application on plant hormones in the roots of Tamarix ramosissima under NaCl stress. Genes, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/genes13101803"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111358","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2020.111358","article-title":"Melatonin improves K+ and Na+ homeostasis in rice under salt stress by mediated nitric oxide","volume":"206","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cimini, S., Locato, V., Giacinti, V., Molinari, M., and De Gara, L. (2022). A multifactorial regulation of glutathione metabolism behind salt tTolerance in rice. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11061114"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1830","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-023-01140-7","article-title":"Biostimulants promote the sedimentation of salts to restore tomato plant growth under salt stress","volume":"23","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Soil. Sci. Plant Nut."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1114266","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1114266","article-title":"Analysis of the main antioxidant enzymes in the roots of Tamarix ramosissima under NaCl stress by applying exogenous potassium (K+)","volume":"14","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"523","DOI":"10.32604\/biocell.2023.023704","article-title":"Role of foliar spray of plant growth regulators in improving photosynthetic pigments and metabolites in Plantago ovata (Psyllium) under salt stress\u2014A field appraisal","volume":"47","author":"Samad","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biocell"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"461","DOI":"10.1016\/j.hpj.2022.09.003","article-title":"Synergistic effects of carbon cycle metabolism and photosynthesis in Chinese cabbage under salt stress","volume":"10","author":"Liang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Hortic. Plant J."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106859","DOI":"10.1016\/j.agwat.2021.106859","article-title":"Yield-compatible salinity level for growing cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.) under mulched drip irrigation using saline water","volume":"250","author":"Ren","year":"2021","journal-title":"Agric. Water Manag."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"12483","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-023-39634-0","article-title":"Effects of salt stress on root morphology, carbon and nitrogen metabolism, and yield of Tartary buckwheat","volume":"13","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"387","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-019-0257-1","article-title":"Response of carbon and nitrogen metabolism and secondary metabolites to drought stress and salt stress in plants","volume":"62","author":"Cui","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104097","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jprot.2020.104097","article-title":"Integrated physiological and chloroplast proteome analysis of wheat seedling leaves under salt and osmotic stresses","volume":"234","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Proteom."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.H., Liu, H.H., Tan, B.B., Wang, X.D., and Chong, P.F. (2023). Mitigation of salt stress in Reaumuria soongarica seedlings by exogenous Ca2+ and NO compound treatment. Agronomy, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13082124"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"96","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-023-03574-z","article-title":"Methyl jasmonate mitigates osmotic stress by regulating carbon and nitrogen metabolism of seedlings subjected to salt stress","volume":"45","author":"Ma","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"126656","DOI":"10.1016\/j.eja.2022.126656","article-title":"Categories of exogenous substances and their effect on alleviation of plant salt stress","volume":"142","author":"Feng","year":"2023","journal-title":"Eur. J. Agron."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125162","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ijbiomac.2023.125162","article-title":"Genome-wide analysis and identification of TaRING-H2 gene family and TaSDIR1 positively regulates salt stress tolerance in wheat","volume":"242","author":"Chen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Int. J. Biol. Macromol."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Raziq, A., Wang, Y., Mohi Ud Din, A., Sun, J., Shu, S., and Guo, S. (2022). A comprehensive evaluation of salt tolerance in tomato (Var. Ailsa Craig): Responses of physiological and transcriptional changes in RBOH\u2019s and ABA biosynthesis and signalling genes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031603"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3099","DOI":"10.1007\/s11738-013-1343-5","article-title":"Application of silicon improves salt tolerance through ameliorating osmotic and ionic stresses in the seedling of Sorghum bicolor","volume":"35","author":"Yin","year":"2013","journal-title":"Acta Physiol. Plant"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"609","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2016.00609","article-title":"Calcium supplementation improves Na+\/K+ ratio, antioxidant Defense and glyoxalase systems in salt-stressed rice seedlings","volume":"7","author":"Rahman","year":"2016","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2493","DOI":"10.1080\/01904167.2020.1771587","article-title":"Mitigation of salt stress on tomato crop by using foliar spraying or fertigation of various products","volume":"43","author":"Sassine","year":"2020","journal-title":"J. Plant Nut."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"506","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.03.029","article-title":"Melatonin promotes seed germination under salt stress by regulating ABA and GA(3) in cotton (Gossypium hirsutum L.)","volume":"162","author":"Chen","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4290","DOI":"10.1007\/s42729-023-01348-7","article-title":"Melatonin mitigates salt-induced growth inhibition through the regulation of carbohydrate and nitrogen metabolism in tomato seedlings","volume":"23","author":"Jahan","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Soil. Sci. Plant Nut."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, Z.G., Ma, C.Y., Hou, L., Wu, X.Z., Wang, D., Zhang, L., and Liu, P. (2022). Exogenous SA sffects rice seed germination under salt stress by regulating Na+\/K+ balance and endogenous GAs and ABA homeostasis. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23063293"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Wang, J.J., Lv, P.H., Yan, D., Zhang, Z.D., Xu, X.M., Wang, T., Wang, Y., Peng, Z., Yu, C.X., and Gao, Y.R. (2022). Exogenous melatonin improves seed germination of wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) under Salt Stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23158436"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1053699","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2022.1053699","article-title":"Plant salt response: Perception, signaling, and tolerance","volume":"13","author":"Xiao","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110998","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2022.110998","article-title":"MpSnRK2.10 confers salt stress tolerance in apple via the ABA signaling pathway","volume":"298","author":"Ye","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"104885","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2022.104885","article-title":"Abscisic acid signaling and crosstalk with phytohormones in regulation of environmental stress responses","volume":"199","author":"Parwez","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110176","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scienta.2021.110176","article-title":"Relationship between melatonin and abscisic acid in response to salt stress of tomato","volume":"285","author":"Hu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Hortic."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"147","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-015-0103-z","article-title":"Plant hormones in salt stress tolerance","volume":"58","author":"Ryu","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"414","DOI":"10.1105\/tpc.19.00593","article-title":"The ubiquitin-binding protein OsDSK2a mediates seedling growth and salt responses by regulating gibberellin metabolism in rice","volume":"32","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Plant Cell"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liu, J., Wu, Y.Q., Dong, G.C., Zhu, G.L., and Zhou, G.S. (2023). Progress of Research on the Physiology and molecular regulation of sorghum growth under salt stress by gibberellin. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24076777"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Quamruzzaman, M., Manik, S.M.N., Shabala, S., and Zhou, M. (2021). Improving performance of salt-grown crops by exogenous application of plant growth regulators. Biomolecules, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom11060788"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105717","DOI":"10.1016\/j.foodhyd.2020.105717","article-title":"Tannic acid-assisted cross-linked nanoparticles as a delivery system of eugenol: The characterization, thermal degradation and antioxidant properties","volume":"104","author":"Jia","year":"2020","journal-title":"Food Hydrocoll."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1804","DOI":"10.2174\/1568026621666210701141433","article-title":"Eugenol as a Potential Drug Candidate: A Review","volume":"21","author":"Taleuzzaman","year":"2021","journal-title":"Curr. Top. Med. Chem."},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1476","DOI":"10.1111\/1750-3841.14180","article-title":"Progress on the antimicrobial activity research of clove oil and eugenol in the food antisepsis field","volume":"83","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Food Sci."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Olea, A.F., Bravo, A., Mart\u00ednez, R., Thomas, M., Sedan, C., Espinoza, L., Zambrano, E., Carvajal, D., Silva-Moreno, E., and Carrasco, H. (2019). Antifungal activity of eugenol derivatives against Botrytis cinerea. Molecules, 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules24071239"},{"key":"ref_36","first-page":"415","article-title":"In vitro antifungal activity of terpinen-4-ol, eugenol, carvone, 1,8-cineole (eucalyptol) and thymol against mycotoxigenic plant pathogens","volume":"29","author":"Morcia","year":"2011","journal-title":"Food Addit. Contam. Part A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9914","DOI":"10.1021\/acs.jafc.8b03098","article-title":"Eugenol Confers Cadmium Tolerance via Intensifying Endogenous Hydrogen Sulfide Signaling in Brassica rapa","volume":"66","author":"Hu","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Agric. Food Chem."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1489","DOI":"10.1111\/tpj.15647","article-title":"Eugenol functions as a signal mediating cold and drought tolerance via UGT71A59-mediated glucosylation in tea plants","volume":"109","author":"Zhao","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant J."},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2021.07.011","article-title":"Transcriptional regulation and functional analysis of Nicotiana tabacum under salt and ABA stress","volume":"570","author":"Wu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2022.06.027","article-title":"Potassium ion regulates hormone, Ca2+ and H2O2 signal transduction and antioxidant activities to improve salt stress resistance in tobacco","volume":"186","author":"Che","year":"2022","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Duan, W.J., Lu, B., Liu, L.T., Meng, Y.J., Ma, X.Y., Li, J., Zhang, K., Sun, H.C., Zhang, Y.J., and Dong, H.Z. (2022). Effects of exogenous melatonin on root physiology, transcriptome and metabolome of cotton seedlings under salt stress. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23169456"},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1408","DOI":"10.3390\/agronomy13051408","article-title":"The inhibitory mechanism of eugenol on Lasiodiplodia theobromae and its induced disease resistance of passion fruit","volume":"13","author":"Sun","year":"2023","journal-title":"Agronomy"},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13261","DOI":"10.7717\/peerj.13261","article-title":"Effects of nitrogen and phosphorus addition on growth and leaf nitrogen metabolism of alfalfa in alkaline soil in Yinchuan Plain of Hetao Basin","volume":"10","author":"Gu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Peerj"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"114756","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ecoenv.2023.114756","article-title":"Exogenous \u03b3-aminobutyric acid (GABA) improves salt-inhibited nitrogen metabolism and the anaplerotic reaction of the tricarboxylic acid cycle by regulating GABA-shunt metabolism in maize seedlings","volume":"254","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Ecotoxicol. Environ. Saf."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17884","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-022-22815-8","article-title":"Salt stress decreases seed yield and postpones growth process of canola (Brassica napus L.) by changing nitrogen and carbon characters","volume":"12","author":"Wang","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6721","DOI":"10.1007\/s00344-023-10992-3","article-title":"GABA and potassium modulates defence systems, assimilation of nitrogen and carbon, and yield traits under salt stress in wheat","volume":"42","author":"Kumari","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Plant Growth Regul."},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Abdelhamid, E., Zoulfa, R., Nada, N., Zakia, Z., Bouchra, B., Azzouz, K., Anass, K., Imad, K., and Mohamed, N. (2022). Chaste plant extract is a promising biostimulant for tomato plants\u2019 growth under salt stress. Biomass Convers. Biorefin.","DOI":"10.1007\/s13399-022-03454-5"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Turki, A., Murali, M., Omar, A.F., Rehan, M., and Sayyed, R.Z. (2023). Recent advances in PGPR-mediated resilience toward interactive effects of drought and salt stress in plants. Front. Microbiol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fmicb.2023.1214845"},{"key":"ref_49","unstructured":"Pasternak, T.P., and Perez-Perez, J.M. (2024, April 14). Optimization of ROS Measurement and Localization in Plant Tissues: Challenges and Solutions. Available online: https:\/\/www.protocols.io\/view\/optimization-of-ROS-measurement-and-localization-i-ewov146o2vr2\/v1."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.1007\/s12374-011-9177-4","article-title":"Detection of Reactive Oxygen Species in Higher Plants","volume":"54","author":"Zulfugarov","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Plant Biol."},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"616","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90488-7","article-title":"Inhibition of nitrite formation from hydroxylammoniumchloride: A simple assay for superoxide dismutase","volume":"70","author":"Elstner","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Naqve, M., Wang, X., Shahbaz, M., Fiaz, S., Naqvi, W., Naseer, M., Mahmood, A., and Ali, H. (2021). Foliar spray of alpha-tocopherol modulates antioxidant potential of Okra fruit under salt stress. Plants, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/plants10071382"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Yan, M., Mao, J., Wu, T., Xiong, T., Huang, Q., Wu, H., and Hu, G. (2023). Transcriptomic analysis of Salicylic Acid promoting seed germination of melon under salt stress. Horticulturae, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/horticulturae9030375"},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105200","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2022.105200","article-title":"Metabolome and transcriptome analysis reveals molecular mechanisms of watermelon under salt stress","volume":"206","author":"Liu","year":"2023","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"136284","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2022.136284","article-title":"Evaluation of titanium and silicon role in mitigation of fungicides toxicity in wheat expressed at the level of biochemical and antioxidant profile","volume":"308","author":"Iwaniuk","year":"2022","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Pasternak, T., Palme, K., and Paponov, I.A. (2020). Glutathione enhances auxin sensitivity in Arabidopsis Roots. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10111550"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"175","DOI":"10.1007\/s00425-010-1289-4","article-title":"Molecular and functional analyses of rice NHX-type Na+\/H+ antiporter genes","volume":"233","author":"Fukuda","year":"2011","journal-title":"Planta"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xu, L., Song, J.Q., Wang, Y.L., Liu, X.H., Li, X.L., Zhang, B., Li, A.J., Ye, X.F., Wang, J., and Wang, P. (2022). Thymol improves salinity tolerance of tobacco by increasing the sodium ion efflux and enhancing the content of nitric oxide and glutathione. BMC Plant Biol., 22.","DOI":"10.1186\/s12870-021-03395-7"},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e20230041","DOI":"10.1590\/1678-4499.20230041","article-title":"Spermine decreases ethylene and increases sugars and phenolic compounds in nasturtium flowers grown under drought and salt stress","volume":"82","author":"Dias","year":"2023","journal-title":"Bragantia"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"367","DOI":"10.1016\/j.plaphy.2021.03.058","article-title":"Exogenous melatonin alleviates salt stress by improving leaf photosynthesis in rice seedlings","volume":"163","author":"Yan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Plant Physiol. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1115593","DOI":"10.3389\/fpls.2023.1115593","article-title":"The transcriptional regulatory network of hormones and genes under salt stress in tomato plants (Solanum lycopersicum L.)","volume":"14","author":"Wang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Front. Plant Sci."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"105707","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envexpbot.2024.105707","article-title":"Integrated physio-biochemical and transcriptomic analyses reveal the mechanism underlying ABA-mediated alleviation of salt stress in Limonium bicolor seedlings","volume":"220","author":"Zhu","year":"2024","journal-title":"Environ. Exp. Bot."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/12\/6771\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:01:32Z","timestamp":1760108492000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/12\/6771"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]},"references-count":62,"journal-issue":{"issue":"12","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25126771"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25126771","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,20]]}}}