{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,8,27]],"date-time":"2026-08-27T22:22:55Z","timestamp":1787869375126,"version":"build-2784847793"},"reference-count":46,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1718928000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"Coordena\u00e7\u00e3o de Aperfei\u00e7oamento de Pessoal de N\u00edvel Superior\u2014Brasil (CAPES)","award":["20220491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220491"]}]},{"name":"Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Cient\u00edfico e Tecnol\u00f3gico (CNPq)","award":["20220491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220491"]}]},{"name":"Funda\u00e7\u00e3o de Apoio a pesquisa do Rio Grande do Sul (FAPERGS)","award":["20220491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220491"]}]},{"name":"Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, FIPE-HCPA","award":["20220491"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["20220491"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>It is known that the inflammation process leading to oxidative stress and thyroid hormone metabolism dysfunction is highly altered in metabolic dysfunction associated with steatotic liver disease (MASLD). This study aims to address the effect of ornithine aspartate (LOLA) and vitamin E (VitE) in improving these processes. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to five groups and treated for 28 weeks: controls (n = 10) received a standard diet (for 28 weeks) plus gavage with distilled water (DW) from weeks 16 to 28. MASLD groups received a high-fat and choline-deficient diet for 28 weeks (MASLD group) and daily gavage with 200 mg\/kg\/day of LOLA, or twice a week with 150 mg of VitE from weeks 16\u201328. LOLA diminished collagen deposition (p = 0.006). The same treatment diminished carbonyl, TBARS, and sulfhydryl levels and GPx activity (p &lt; 0.001). Type 3 deiodinase increased in the MASLD group, downregulating T3-controlled genes, which was corrected in the presence of LOLA. LOLA also promoted a near-normalization of complex II, SDH, and GDH activities (p &lt; 0.001) and improved reticulum stress, with a reduction in GRP78 and HSPA9\/GRP75 protein levels (p &lt; 0.05). The enhanced energy production and metabolism of thyroid hormones, probably because of GSH replenishment provided by the L-glutamate portion of LOLA, opens a new therapeutic approach for MASLD.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136839","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]],"date-time":"2024-06-21T08:50:08Z","timestamp":1718959808000},"page":"6839","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":8,"title":["Redefining the Role of Ornithine Aspartate and Vitamin E in Metabolic-Dysfunction-Associated Steatotic Liver Disease through Its Biochemical Properties"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4453-7227","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Larisse","family":"Longo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Rafael Aguiar","family":"Marschner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Bainy Rodrigues","family":"de Freitas","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Laura Renata","family":"de Bona","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6766-734X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Luiza","family":"Behrens","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Matheus Henrique Mariano","family":"Pereira","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Valessa Emanoele Gabriel","family":"de Souza","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Luiza Cec\u00edlia","family":"Leonhard","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Giulianna","family":"Zanettini","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Eduardo","family":"Pinzon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8152-5161","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Guilherme Jorge Semmelmann Pereira","family":"Lima","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carlos Thadeu","family":"Schmidt Cerski","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Unit of Surgical Pathology, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0526-3067","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carolina","family":"Uribe-Cruz","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Cat\u00f3lica de las Misiones, Posadas 3300, Misiones, Argentina"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8942-244X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Simone Magagnin","family":"Wajner","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Endocrine Division, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"M\u00e1rio Reis","family":"\u00c1lvares-da-Silva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Graduate Program in Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre 90010-150, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"},{"name":"Experimental Laboratory of Hepatology and Gastroenterology, Center for Experimental Research, Hospital de Cl\u00ednicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre 90035-903, Rio Grande do Sul, Brazil"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"531","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhep.2018.10.033","article-title":"Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease\u2014A global public health perspective","volume":"70","author":"Younossi","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Worm, N. (2020). Beyond Body Weight-Loss: Dietary Strategies Targeting Intrahepatic Fat in NAFLD. Nutrients, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/nu12051316"},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1966","DOI":"10.1097\/HEP.0000000000000520","article-title":"A multi-society Delphi consensus statement on new fatty liver disease nomenclature","volume":"78","author":"Rinella","year":"2023","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"123","DOI":"10.1002\/hep.29466","article-title":"Modeling the epidemic of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease demonstrates an exponential increase in burden of disease","volume":"67","author":"Estes","year":"2018","journal-title":"Hepatology"},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marschner, R.A., Roginski, A.C., Ribeiro, R.T., Longo, L., Alvares-da-Silva, M.R., and Wajner, S.M. (2023). Uncovering Actions of Type 3 Deiodinase in the Metabolic Dysfunction-Associated Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD). Cells, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells12071022"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"351","DOI":"10.2147\/CEG.S262879","article-title":"Gut Dysbiosis and Increased Intestinal Permeability Drive microRNAs, NLRP-3 Inflammasome and Liver Fibrosis in a Nutritional Model of Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis in Adult Male Sprague Dawley Rats","volume":"13","author":"Longo","year":"2020","journal-title":"Clin. Exp. Gastroenterol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"287","DOI":"10.1038\/s41392-022-01119-3","article-title":"Targeted therapeutics and novel signaling pathways in non-alcohol-associated fatty liver\/steatohepatitis (NAFL\/NASH)","volume":"7","author":"Xu","year":"2022","journal-title":"Signal Transduct. Target. Ther."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marschner, R.A., Arenhardt, F., Ribeiro, R.T., and Wajner, S.M. (2022). Influence of Altered Thyroid Hormone Mechanisms in the Progression of Metabolic Dysfunction Associated with Fatty Liver Disease (MAFLD): A Systematic Review. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12080675"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"60","DOI":"10.1038\/s41575-021-00523-4","article-title":"Advancing the global public health agenda for NAFLD: A consensus statement","volume":"19","author":"Lazarus","year":"2022","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Gastroenterol. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1159\/000491429","article-title":"Hepatoprotection by L-Ornithine L-Aspartate in Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"37","author":"Butterworth","year":"2019","journal-title":"Dig. Dis."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"39","DOI":"10.1007\/s40265-018-1020-5","article-title":"L-Ornithine L-Aspartate (LOLA) as a Novel Approach for Therapy of Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease","volume":"79","author":"Canbay","year":"2019","journal-title":"Drugs"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"516","DOI":"10.1002\/iub.1991","article-title":"Role of vitamin E in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease","volume":"71","author":"Nagashimada","year":"2019","journal-title":"IUBMB Life"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alcala, M., Calderon-Dominguez, M., Serra, D., Herrero, L., Ramos, M.P., and Viana, M. (2017). Short-term vitamin E treatment impairs reactive oxygen species signaling required for adipose tissue expansion, resulting in fatty liver and insulin resistance in obese mice. PLoS ONE, 12.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0186579"},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1675","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMoa0907929","article-title":"Pioglitazone, vitamin E, or placebo for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis","volume":"362","author":"Sanyal","year":"2010","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"467","DOI":"10.3389\/fmed.2020.00467","article-title":"Disturbances in Cholesterol Homeostasis and Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Diseases","volume":"7","author":"Malhotra","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Med."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"603926","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2020.603926","article-title":"Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis: A Review of Its Mechanism, Models and Medical Treatments","volume":"11","author":"Peng","year":"2020","journal-title":"Front. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"931","DOI":"10.4254\/wjh.v12.i11.931","article-title":"Inhibition of vascular adhesion protein-1 modifies hepatic steatosis","volume":"12","author":"Shepherd","year":"2020","journal-title":"World J. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"855","DOI":"10.1038\/oby.2005.98","article-title":"Change in vascular adhesion protein-1 and metabolic phenotypes after vertical banded gastroplasty for morbid obesity","volume":"13","author":"Li","year":"2005","journal-title":"Obes. Res."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1135","DOI":"10.1136\/gutjnl-2016-312354","article-title":"Vascular adhesion protein-1 is elevated in primary sclerosing cholangitis, is predictive of clinical outcome and facilitates recruitment of gut-tropic lymphocytes to liver in a substrate-dependent manner","volume":"67","author":"Trivedi","year":"2018","journal-title":"Gut"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"501","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI73722","article-title":"Vascular adhesion protein-1 promotes liver inflammation and drives hepatic fibrosis","volume":"125","author":"Weston","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Vidart, J., Axelrud, L., Braun, A.C., Marschner, R.A., and Wajner, S.M. (2023). Relationship among Low T3 Levels, Type 3 Deiodinase, Oxidative Stress, and Mortality in Sepsis and Septic Shock: Defining Patient Outcomes. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24043935"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ogawa-Wong, A., Carmody, C., Le, K., Marschner, R.A., Larsen, P.R., Zavacki, A.M., and Wajner, S.M. (2022). Modulation of Deiodinase Types 2 and 3 during Skeletal Muscle Regeneration. Metabolites, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo12070612"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Marschner, R.A., Banda, P., Wajner, S.M., Markoski, M.M., Schaun, M., and Lehnen, A.M. (2019). Short-term exercise training improves cardiac function associated to a better antioxidant response and lower type 3 iodothyronine deiodinase activity after myocardial infarction. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0222334"},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1834","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI44678","article-title":"IL-6 promotes nonthyroidal illness syndrome by blocking thyroxine activation while promoting thyroid hormone inactivation in human cells","volume":"121","author":"Wajner","year":"2011","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1309","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbabio.2009.01.005","article-title":"Regulation of mitochondrial dehydrogenases by calcium ions","volume":"1787","author":"Denton","year":"2009","journal-title":"Biochim. Biophys. Acta"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"197","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.01.024","article-title":"T3-induced enhancement of mitochondrial Ca(2+) uptake as a boost for mitochondrial metabolism","volume":"181","author":"Tawfik","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free. Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"301","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jceh.2018.05.004","article-title":"Efficacy of l-Ornithine l-Aspartate for the Treatment of Hepatic Encephalopathy and Hyperammonemia in Cirrhosis: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials","volume":"8","author":"Butterworth","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Exp. Hepatol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"384","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.71926","article-title":"Effect of l-ornithine l-aspartate against thioacetamide-induced hepatic damage in rats","volume":"42","author":"Najmi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Indian. J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Freitas, L.B.R., Longo, L., Filippi-Chiela, E., de Souza, V.E.G., Behrens, L., Pereira, M.H.M., Leonhard, L.C., Zanettini, G., Pinzon, C.E., and Luchese, E. (2022). Ornithine Aspartate and Vitamin-E Combination Has Beneficial Effects on Cardiovascular Risk Factors in an Animal Model of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease in Rats. Biomolecules, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom12121773"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"239","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(72)90322-1","article-title":"Kaliopenic nephrosis: Protective action of L-ornithine-L-aspartate","volume":"39","author":"Raab","year":"1972","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"94","DOI":"10.1007\/s12291-009-0016-z","article-title":"Effect of exogenous L-ornithine L-aspartate on ethanol induced testicular injury in Wistar rats","volume":"24","author":"Mailankot","year":"2009","journal-title":"Indian. J. Clin. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1598","DOI":"10.1002\/oby.21135","article-title":"Vitamin E reduces adipose tissue fibrosis, inflammation, and oxidative stress and improves metabolic profile in obesity","volume":"23","author":"Sevillano","year":"2015","journal-title":"Obesity"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Liang, W., Menke, A.L., Driessen, A., Koek, G.H., Lindeman, J.H., Stoop, R., Havekes, L.M., Kleemann, R., and van den Hoek, A.M. (2014). Establishment of a general NAFLD scoring system for rodent models and comparison to human liver pathology. PLoS ONE, 9.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0115922"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cbi.2006.11.004","article-title":"A human hepatocellular in vitro model to investigate steatosis","volume":"165","author":"Donato","year":"2007","journal-title":"Chem. Biol. Interact."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"248","DOI":"10.1016\/0003-2697(76)90527-3","article-title":"A rapid and sensitive method for the quantitation of microgram quantities of protein utilizing the principle of protein-dye binding","volume":"72","author":"Bradford","year":"1976","journal-title":"Anal. Biochem."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"161","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2013.06.013","article-title":"Disturbance of redox homeostasis by ornithine and homocitrulline in rat cerebellum: A possible mechanism of cerebellar dysfunction in HHH syndrome","volume":"93","author":"Zanatta","year":"2013","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_37","first-page":"107","article-title":"Simple procedure for specific assay of lipid hydroperoxides in serum or plasma","volume":"108","author":"Yagi","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"141","DOI":"10.1016\/S0304-3940(01)01636-6","article-title":"Changes in thiol content and expression of glutathione redox system genes in the hippocampus and cerebellum in Alzheimer\u2019s disease","volume":"302","author":"Aksenov","year":"2001","journal-title":"Neurosci. Lett."},{"key":"ref_39","first-page":"347","article-title":"Reduced glutathione and glutathione disulfide","volume":"108","author":"Browne","year":"1998","journal-title":"Methods Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"325","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(81)77046-0","article-title":"Glutathione peroxidase","volume":"77","author":"Wendel","year":"1981","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"484","DOI":"10.1016\/S0076-6879(85)13062-4","article-title":"Glutathione reductase","volume":"113","author":"Carlberg","year":"1985","journal-title":"Methods Enzymol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"237","DOI":"10.1016\/0014-5793(85)80613-X","article-title":"Product of extracellular-superoxide dismutase catalysis","volume":"184","author":"Marklund","year":"1985","journal-title":"FEBS Lett."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1190","DOI":"10.1002\/jnr.23020","article-title":"Methylmalonate impairs mitochondrial respiration supported by NADH-linked substrates: Involvement of mitochondrial glutamate metabolism","volume":"90","author":"Melo","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Neurosci. Res."},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"8972","DOI":"10.1523\/JNEUROSCI.20-24-08972.2000","article-title":"Inhibition of Krebs cycle enzymes by hydrogen peroxide: A key role of [alpha]-ketoglutarate dehydrogenase in limiting NADH production under oxidative stress","volume":"20","author":"Tretter","year":"2000","journal-title":"J. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"23","DOI":"10.1016\/0009-8981(85)90135-4","article-title":"Differential investigation of the capacity of succinate oxidation in human skeletal muscle","volume":"153","author":"Fischer","year":"1985","journal-title":"Clin. Chim. Acta"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"453","DOI":"10.1089\/thy.2013.0398","article-title":"High iodine blocks a Notch\/miR-19 loop activated by the BRAF(V600E) oncoprotein and restores the response to TGFbeta in thyroid follicular cells","volume":"24","author":"Fuziwara","year":"2014","journal-title":"Thyroid. Off. J. Am. Thyroid. Assoc."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/6839\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:02:28Z","timestamp":1760108548000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/6839"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]},"references-count":46,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25136839"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25136839","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,21]]}}}