{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,1]],"date-time":"2026-09-01T14:21:50Z","timestamp":1788272510295,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":29,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]],"date-time":"2024-06-23T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719100800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["32102544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102544"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CYB23133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYB23133"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"]}]},{"name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","award":["SWU-XDJH202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-XDJH202301"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Postgraduate Research Innovation Project","award":["32102544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102544"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Postgraduate Research Innovation Project","award":["CYB23133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYB23133"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Postgraduate Research Innovation Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Postgraduate Research Innovation Project","award":["SWU-XDJH202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-XDJH202301"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Special Project","award":["32102544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102544"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Special Project","award":["CYB23133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYB23133"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Special Project","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"]}]},{"name":"Chongqing Science and Technology Innovation Special Project","award":["SWU-XDJH202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-XDJH202301"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Collaboration Project of Chongqing Municipal People\u2019s Government","award":["32102544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102544"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Collaboration Project of Chongqing Municipal People\u2019s Government","award":["CYB23133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYB23133"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Collaboration Project of Chongqing Municipal People\u2019s Government","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"]}]},{"name":"Strategic Collaboration Project of Chongqing Municipal People\u2019s Government","award":["SWU-XDJH202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-XDJH202301"]}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["32102544"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["32102544"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CYB23133"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CYB23133"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["CSTB2022TIAD-CUX0013"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]},{"DOI":"10.13039\/501100012226","name":"Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences","doi-asserted-by":"publisher","award":["SWU-XDJH202301"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["SWU-XDJH202301"]}],"id":[{"id":"10.13039\/501100012226","id-type":"DOI","asserted-by":"publisher"}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Somatostatin (SS) plays crucial regulatory roles in animal growth and reproduction by affecting the synthesis and secretion of growth hormone (GH). However, the mechanism by which SS regulates growth and development in goats is still unclear. In order to investigate the regulatory networks of the hypothalamus and pituitary in goats affected by SS DNA vaccines, in this study, we used a previously established oral attenuated Salmonella typhimurium\u00a0SS DNA vaccine, X9241 (ptCS\/2SS-asd), to treat wethers. We analyzed the protein changes in hypothalamic and pituitary tissues using a TMT-based proteomics approach. Additionally, we examined the metabolic profiles of the serum of control and immunized wethers through untargeted metabolomics using liquid chromatography\u2013mass spectrometry (LC\u2013MS). Key signaling pathways were identified based on differentially expressed metabolites (DEMs) and differentially expressed proteins (DEPs). Furthermore, the effect of critical DEPs on signaling pathways was confirmed through Western blotting (WB) experiments, which elucidated the mechanism of active SS immunization in wethers. A proteomics analysis revealed that the expression of 58 proteins in the hypothalamus and 124 in the pituitary gland was significantly altered following SS vaccine treatment (fold change &gt; 1.2 or &lt; 0.83, p &lt; 0.05). In the hypothalamus, many DEPs were associated with gene ontology (GO) terms related to neuronal signaling. In contrast, most DEPs were associated with metabolic pathways. In the pituitary gland, the DEPs were largely related to immune and nutrient metabolism functions, with significant enrichment in KEGG pathways, particularly those involving the metabolic pathway, sphingolipid signaling, and the cGMP-PKG signaling pathway. A metabolomic analysis further showed that active SS immunization in wethers led to significant alterations in seven serum metabolites. Notably, the sphingolipid signaling pathway, secondary bile acid synthesis, sphingolipid metabolism, and lysine synthesis were significantly disrupted. SS vaccines induced marked changes in hypothalamic\u2013pituitary proteins in wethers, facilitating alterations in their growth processes. This study not only provides insights into the mechanism of the SS gene in regulating GH secretion in wethers but also establishes a basis for hormone immunoregulation technology to enhance livestock production performance.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136888","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,24]],"date-time":"2024-06-24T08:42:03Z","timestamp":1719218523000},"page":"6888","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Combined Proteomic and Metabolomic Analysis Reveals Comprehensive Regulation of Somatostatin DNA Vaccine in Goats"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0007-2810-2358","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Ge","family":"Qin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0009-5526-5376","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Li","family":"Zhang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jiaxue","family":"Guo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shiyong","family":"Fang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Guangxin","family":"E","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yan","family":"Zeng","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Yongfu","family":"Huang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-6859-2642","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yanguo","family":"Han","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Chongqing Key Laboratory of Forage & Herbivore, Chongqing Engineering Research Centre for Herbivores Resource Protection and Utilization, College of Animal Science and Technology, Southwest University, Chongqing 400715, China"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,23]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"997","DOI":"10.1017\/S1751731107000262","article-title":"Thyroid hormones in small ruminants: Effects of endogenous environmental and nutritional factors","volume":"1","author":"Todini","year":"2007","journal-title":"Animal"},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"636403","DOI":"10.3389\/fendo.2021.636403","article-title":"The Complex World of Regulation of Pituitary Growth Hormone Secretion: The Role of Ghrelin, Klotho, and Nesfatins in It","volume":"12","author":"Devesa","year":"2021","journal-title":"Front. 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