{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,7]],"date-time":"2026-10-07T17:44:32Z","timestamp":1791395072801,"version":"4.3.3"},"reference-count":148,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Air pollution, a growing concern for public health, has been linked to various respiratory and cardiovascular diseases. Emerging evidence also suggests a link between exposure to air pollutants and neurodegenerative diseases, particularly Alzheimer\u2019s disease (AD). This review explores the composition and sources of air pollutants, including particulate matter, gases, persistent organic pollutants, and heavy metals. The pathophysiology of AD is briefly discussed, highlighting the role of beta-amyloid plaques, neurofibrillary tangles, and genetic factors. This article also examines how air pollutants reach the brain and exert their detrimental effects, delving into the neurotoxicity of air pollutants. The molecular mechanisms linking air pollution to neurodegeneration are explored in detail, focusing on oxidative stress, neuroinflammation, and protein aggregation. Preclinical studies, including in vitro experiments and animal models, provide evidence for the direct effects of pollutants on neuronal cells, glial cells, and the blood\u2013brain barrier. Epidemiological studies have reported associations between exposure to air pollution and an increased risk of AD and cognitive decline. The growing body of evidence supporting air pollution as a modifiable risk factor for AD underscores the importance of considering environmental factors in the etiology and progression of neurodegenerative diseases, in the face of worsening global air quality.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136928","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T04:19:26Z","timestamp":1719461966000},"page":"6928","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":33,"title":["From Inhalation to Neurodegeneration: Air Pollution as a Modifiable Risk Factor for Alzheimer\u2019s Disease"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Jordi","family":"Olloquequi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Physiology, Physiology Section, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0114-2292","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Roberto","family":"D\u00edaz-Pe\u00f1a","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology, Instituto de Ciencias Biom\u00e9dicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Aut\u00f3noma de Chile, Talca 3460000, Chile"},{"name":"Fundaci\u00f3n P\u00fablica Galega de Medicina Xen\u00f3mica, SERGAS, Grupo de Medicina Xenomica-USC, Instituto de Investigaci\u00f3n Sanitaria de Santiago (IDIS), 15706 Santiago de Compostela, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ester","family":"Verdaguer","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4301-7297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Miren","family":"Ettcheto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8345-1859","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Carme","family":"Auladell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Cellular Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-1229-5956","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Antoni","family":"Camins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Institute of Neuroscience, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"},{"name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Neurodegenerative Diseases (CIBERNED), 28031 Madrid, Spain"},{"name":"Institut d\u2019Investigaci\u00f3 Sanit\u00e0ria Pere Virgili (IISPV), 43204 Reus, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Therapeutic Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy and Food Science, Universitat de Barcelona, 08028 Barcelona, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Manisalidis, I., Stavropoulou, E., Stavropoulos, A., and Bezirtzoglou, E. 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