{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,5]],"date-time":"2026-11-05T20:09:24Z","timestamp":1793909364913,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":127,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Pesticides serve as essential tools in agriculture and public health, aiding in pest control and disease management. However, their widespread use has prompted concerns regarding their adverse effects on humans and animals. This review offers a comprehensive examination of the toxicity profile of pesticides, focusing on their detrimental impacts on the nervous, hepatic, cardiac, and pulmonary systems, and their impact on reproductive functions. Additionally, it discusses how pesticides mimic hormones, thereby inducing dysfunction in the endocrine system. Pesticides disrupt the endocrine system, leading to neurological impairments, hepatocellular abnormalities, cardiac dysfunction, and respiratory issues. Furthermore, they also exert adverse effects on reproductive organs, disrupting hormone levels and causing reproductive dysfunction. Mechanistically, pesticides interfere with neurotransmitter function, enzyme activity, and hormone regulation. This review highlights the effects of pesticides on male reproduction, particularly sperm capacitation, the process wherein ejaculated sperm undergo physiological changes within the female reproductive tract, acquiring the ability to fertilize an oocyte. Pesticides have been reported to inhibit the morphological changes crucial for sperm capacitation, resulting in poor sperm capacitation and eventual male infertility. Understanding the toxic effects of pesticides is crucial for mitigating their impact on human and animal health, and in guiding future research endeavors.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136945","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1719465099000},"page":"6945","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":58,"title":["Assessing the Risks of Pesticide Exposure: Implications for Endocrine Disruption and Male Fertility"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0008-3108-8451","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Claudine","family":"Uwamahoro","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jae-Hwan","family":"Jo","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0188-8297","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Seung-Ik","family":"Jang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7122-2004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eun-Ju","family":"Jung","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4690-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Jin","family":"Lee","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7030-7767","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jeong-Won","family":"Bae","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0848-7189","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Woo-Sung","family":"Kwon","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Animal Science and Biotechnology, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Research Institute for Innovative Animal Science, Kyungpook National University, Sangju 37224, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2008.10.061","article-title":"Pesticide use and application: An Indian scenario","volume":"165","author":"Abhilash","year":"2009","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31","DOI":"10.1017\/S0021859605005708","article-title":"Crop losses to pests","volume":"144","author":"Oerke","year":"2006","journal-title":"J. Agric. Sci."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152344","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2021.152344","article-title":"A worldwide review of currently used pesticides\u2019 monitoring in agricultural soils","volume":"812","author":"Sabzevari","year":"2022","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"912","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cej.2018.12.055","article-title":"Endosulfan removal through bioremediation, photocatalytic degradation, adsorption and membrane separation processes: A review","volume":"360","author":"Mudhoo","year":"2019","journal-title":"Chem. Eng. J."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"246","DOI":"10.1016\/j.actatropica.2012.01.004","article-title":"Malaria in South Asia: Prevalence and control","volume":"121","author":"Kumar","year":"2012","journal-title":"Acta Trop."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e617","DOI":"10.1016\/S2214-109X(15)00049-2","article-title":"Prevalence of malaria infection in pregnant women compared with children for tracking malaria transmission in sub-Saharan Africa: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"3","author":"Hill","year":"2015","journal-title":"Lancet Glob. Health"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"125","DOI":"10.4103\/1947-489X.210373","article-title":"Histological effects of permethrin insecticide on the testis of adult wistar rats","volume":"6","author":"Omotoso","year":"2014","journal-title":"Ibnosina J. Med. Biomed. Sci."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1147","DOI":"10.1351\/pac200173071147","article-title":"Use and distribution of organochlorine pesticides. The future in Africa","volume":"73","author":"Wandiga","year":"2001","journal-title":"Pure Appl. Chem."},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3333","DOI":"10.1590\/1413-812320172210.17112017","article-title":"Use of genetically modified crops and pesticides in Brazil: Growing hazards","volume":"22","author":"Almeida","year":"2017","journal-title":"Cienc. Saude Coletiva"},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Candiotto, L.Z.P., De Souza, L.C., Victorino, V.J., and Panis, C. (2017). Regulation and monitoring of pesticide residues in water and food in brazil. Food Toxicology, Apple Academic Press.","DOI":"10.1201\/9781315161075-13"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Stoytcheva, M. (2011). Pesticides in the Modern World: Pesticides Use and Management, BoD\u2013Books on Demand.","DOI":"10.5772\/950"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"238","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.11.038","article-title":"Pesticide residues in grain from Kazakhstan and potential health risks associated with exposure to detected pesticides","volume":"64","author":"Lozowicka","year":"2014","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"66","DOI":"10.33314\/jnhrc.v17i01.1204","article-title":"Use of pesticides and health risk among farmers in Sunsari District, Nepal","volume":"17","author":"Lamichhane","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Nepal Health Res. Counc."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"525","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2016.09.009","article-title":"Exposure to pesticides and the associated human health effects","volume":"575","author":"Kim","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122611","DOI":"10.1016\/j.molliq.2023.122611","article-title":"Highly efficient removal of endocrine disrupting pesticides by metal ferrites loaded Guar gum based green nanomaterials","volume":"387","author":"Rani","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Mol. Liq."},{"key":"ref_16","first-page":"67","article-title":"Evaluation of profenofos intoxication in white rats","volume":"10","author":"Zaki","year":"2012","journal-title":"Nat. Sci."},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"44726","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-14999-9","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity of some pesticides and their amelioration","volume":"28","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"401","DOI":"10.2307\/1312873","article-title":"Host specificity and biological pest control","volume":"46","author":"McEvoy","year":"1996","journal-title":"BioScience"},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2018.06.004","article-title":"Pesticides and cardiotoxicity. Where do we stand?","volume":"353","author":"Georgiadis","year":"2018","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"47","DOI":"10.4236\/odem.2017.52005","article-title":"Acute Poisoning among Farmers by Chlorpyrifos: Case Report from Gaza Strip","volume":"5","year":"2017","journal-title":"Occup. Dis. Environ. Med."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1300\/J096v12n01_03","article-title":"Neurotoxicity of pesticides","volume":"12","author":"Keifer","year":"2007","journal-title":"J. Agromed."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"250","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2016.06.016","article-title":"Long-term exposure to cypermethrin and piperonyl butoxide cause liver and kidney inflammation and induce genotoxicity in New Zealand white male rabbits","volume":"94","author":"Vardavas","year":"2016","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"549","DOI":"10.1016\/j.fct.2013.01.056","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos induced hepatotoxic and hematologic changes in rats: The role of quercetin and catechin","volume":"55","author":"Uzun","year":"2013","journal-title":"Food Chem. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Al-Saeed, F.A., Naz, S., Saeed, M.H., Hussain, R., Iqbal, S., Mustafa Chatha, A.M., Ghaffar, A., and Akram, R. (2023). Oxidative Stress, Antioxidant Enzymes, Genotoxicity and Histopathological Profile in Oreochromis niloticus Exposed to Lufenuron. Pak. Vet. J., 43.","DOI":"10.29261\/pakvetj\/2023.012"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Hwang, J.-M., Bae, J.-W., Jung, E.-J., Lee, W.-J., and Kwon, W.-S. (2021). Novaluron has detrimental effects on sperm functions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19010061"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.04.002","article-title":"Investigating the effects of fipronil on male fertility: Insight into the mechanism of capacitation","volume":"94","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"74","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.03.002","article-title":"The deleterious toxic effects of bifenthrin on male fertility","volume":"101","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.06.008","article-title":"Detrimental effects of temephos on male fertility: An in vitro study on a mouse model","volume":"96","author":"Kim","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_29","first-page":"e14580","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of avocado oil against lufenuron induced testicular damage and infertility in male rats","volume":"54","author":"Omar","year":"2022","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"195","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.07.002","article-title":"Vanadium adversely affects sperm motility and capacitation status via protein kinase A activity and tyrosine phosphorylation","volume":"96","author":"Bae","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"120","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2021.01.010","article-title":"Piperonyl butoxide, a synergist of pesticides can elicit male-mediated reproductive toxicity","volume":"100","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jalouli, M., Mofti, A., Elnakady, Y.A., Nahdi, S., Feriani, A., Alrezaki, A., Sebei, K., Bizzarri, M., Alwasel, S., and Harrath, A.H. (2022). Allethrin promotes apoptosis and autophagy associated with the oxidative stress-related PI3K\/AKT\/mTOR signaling pathway in developing rat ovaries. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23126397"},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ham, J., Lim, W., and Song, G. (2021). Flufenoxuron suppresses the proliferation of testicular cells by targeting mitochondria in mice. Pestic. Biochem. Physiol., 173.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2021.104773"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"122996","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jhazmat.2020.122996","article-title":"Flufenoxuron disturbs early pregnancy in pigs via induction of cell death with ER-mitochondrial dysfunction","volume":"401","author":"Bae","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Hazard. Mater."},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"406","DOI":"10.1016\/j.crvi.2017.07.009","article-title":"Endocrine Disruptor Compounds (EDCs) and agriculture: The pesticides case","volume":"340","author":"Combarnous","year":"2017","journal-title":"Comptes Rendus-Biol."},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"464271","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chroma.2023.464271","article-title":"Synthesis of amine-functionalized magnetic porous organic polymers for effective extraction of phenolic endocrine disrupting chemicals","volume":"1706","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"J. Chromatogr. A"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"168","DOI":"10.1016\/j.envint.2007.07.013","article-title":"Endocrine disrupting pesticides: Implications for risk assessment","volume":"34","author":"McKinlay","year":"2008","journal-title":"Environ. Int."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3944","DOI":"10.1080\/17441692.2020.1808693","article-title":"Pesticide exposure and risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review","volume":"17","author":"Zago","year":"2022","journal-title":"Glob. Public Health"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Chrustek, A., Ho\u0142y\u0144ska-Iwan, I., Dziembowska, I., Bogusiewicz, J., Wr\u00f3blewski, M., Cwynar, A., and Olszewska-S\u0142onina, D. (2018). Current research on the safety of pyrethroids used as insecticides. Medicina, 54.","DOI":"10.3390\/medicina54040061"},{"key":"ref_40","first-page":"1004","article-title":"Reproductive toxicity of organophosphate pesticides","volume":"1","author":"Mitra","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"230","DOI":"10.1080\/15563650902724813","article-title":"Cardiac abnormalities in acute organophosphate poisoning","volume":"47","author":"Anand","year":"2009","journal-title":"Clin. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1607","DOI":"10.1897\/05-376R1.1","article-title":"The persistent DDT metabolite, 1, 1-dichloro-2, 2-bis (p-chlorophenyl) ethylene, alters thyroid hormone-dependent genes, hepatic cytochrome P4503A, and pregnane\u00d7 receptor gene expressions in atlantic salmon (Salmo salar) parr","volume":"25","author":"Mortensen","year":"2006","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Chem. Int. J."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bretveld, R.W., Thomas, C.M., Scheepers, P.T., Zielhuis, G.A., and Roeleveld, N. (2006). Pesticide exposure: The hormonal function of the female reproductive system disrupted?. Reprod. Biol. Endocrinol., 4.","DOI":"10.1186\/1477-7827-4-30"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"207","DOI":"10.1016\/S0048-9697(02)00094-3","article-title":"Burden of organochlorine pesticides in blood and its effect on thyroid hormones in women","volume":"295","author":"Rathore","year":"2002","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"361","DOI":"10.1515\/reveh-2017-0013","article-title":"Toxicological profile of organochlorines aldrin and dieldrin: An Indian perspective","volume":"32","author":"Sharma","year":"2017","journal-title":"Rev. Environ. Health"},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2205","DOI":"10.1002\/cbic.201500348","article-title":"Discovery of new classes of compounds that reactivate acetylcholinesterase inhibited by organophosphates","volume":"16","author":"Katz","year":"2015","journal-title":"ChemBioChem"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Aroniadou-Anderjaska, V., Figueiredo, T.H., de Araujo Furtado, M., Pidoplichko, V.I., and Braga, M.F. (2023). Mechanisms of Organophosphate Toxicity and the Role of Acetylcholinesterase Inhibition. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/toxics11100866"},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9132","DOI":"10.1021\/jp502712d","article-title":"How is acetylcholinesterase phosphonylated by soman? An ab initio QM\/MM molecular dynamics study","volume":"118","author":"Sirin","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Phys. Chem. A"},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etap.2017.12.014","article-title":"In-silico and in-vitro evaluation of human acetylcholinesterase inhibition by organophosphates","volume":"57","author":"Ranjan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"108298","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuropharm.2020.108298","article-title":"Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors (nerve agents) as weapons of mass destruction: History, mechanisms of action, and medical countermeasures","volume":"181","author":"Apland","year":"2020","journal-title":"Neuropharmacology"},{"key":"ref_51","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"92","DOI":"10.1111\/epi.14500","article-title":"Acute and long-term consequences of exposure to organophosphate nerve agents in humans","volume":"59","author":"Figueiredo","year":"2018","journal-title":"Epilepsia"},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"509","DOI":"10.1016\/S0378-4274(98)00245-8","article-title":"Experimental and clinical toxicology of anticholinesterase agents","volume":"102","author":"Moretto","year":"1998","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_53","unstructured":"Amajad Iqbal, K. (2010). Neuroprotective Mechanisms Induced in Acute Organophosphate Poisoning. [Ph.D. Dissertation, The Tamilnadu Dr. MGR Medical University]."},{"key":"ref_54","first-page":"210","article-title":"Chronic toxicity of flucycloxuron in the mosquitofish, Gambusia affinis: Acetylcholinesterase and catalase activities and pattern of recovery","volume":"1","author":"Zaidi","year":"2010","journal-title":"Ann. Biol. Res."},{"key":"ref_55","first-page":"1329","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis of Tetranychus cinnabarinus responses to exposure of an insecticide (diflubenzuron)","volume":"25","author":"Chen","year":"2020","journal-title":"Syst. Appl. Acarol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"955","DOI":"10.1016\/j.biopha.2017.08.030","article-title":"Deltamethrin induced oxidative stress in kidney and brain of rats: Protective effect of Artemisia campestris essential oil","volume":"94","author":"Saoudi","year":"2017","journal-title":"Biomed. Pharmacother."},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"22","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2014.08.012","article-title":"Neurologic dysfunction and genotoxicity induced by low levels of chlorpyrifos","volume":"45","author":"Muller","year":"2014","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.taap.2007.11.005","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos and chlorpyrifos-oxon inhibit axonal growth by interfering with the morphogenic activity of acetylcholinesterase","volume":"228","author":"Yang","year":"2008","journal-title":"Toxicol. Appl. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"825","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2004.01.002","article-title":"The modulatory effect of pyrethroids on acetylcholine release in the hippocampus of freely moving rats","volume":"25","author":"Hossain","year":"2004","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"795","DOI":"10.1016\/j.lfs.2005.01.014","article-title":"Neuromechanical effects of pyrethroids, allethrin, cyhalothrin and deltamethrin on the cholinergic processes in rat brain","volume":"77","author":"Hossain","year":"2005","journal-title":"Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"64","DOI":"10.2174\/157015912799362779","article-title":"A current review of cypermethrin-induced neurotoxicity and nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurodegeneration","volume":"10","author":"Prakash","year":"2012","journal-title":"Curr. Neuropharmacol."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"269","DOI":"10.1016\/j.neuro.2009.01.001","article-title":"Effect of alpha-cypermethrin and theta-cypermethrin on delayed rectifier potassium currents in rat hippocampal neurons","volume":"30","author":"Yang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Neurotoxicology"},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Xie, Y., Zhao, J., Li, X., Sun, J., and Yang, H. (2023). Effects of Cyfluthrin Exposure on Neurobehaviour, Hippocampal Tissue and Synaptic Plasticity in Wistar Rats. Toxics, 11.","DOI":"10.20944\/preprints202311.0151.v1"},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"150","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jocn.2018.08.027","article-title":"Leptin, hsCRP, TNF-\u03b1 and IL-6 levels from normal aging to dementia: Relationship with cognitive and functional status","volume":"56","author":"Ferreira","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Clin. Neurosci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3963","DOI":"10.4049\/jimmunol.163.7.3963","article-title":"Inflammatory cytokines IL-1\u03b1, IL-1\u03b2, IL-6, and TNF-\u03b1 impart neuroprotection to an excitotoxin through distinct pathways","volume":"163","author":"Carlson","year":"1999","journal-title":"J. Immunol."},{"key":"ref_66","first-page":"905","article-title":"The role of TNF-\u03b1, IL-6, IL-10, and GDNF in neuronal apoptosis in neonatal rat with hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy","volume":"18","author":"Li","year":"2014","journal-title":"Eur. Rev. Med. Pharmacol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_67","first-page":"385","article-title":"Cardiac and electrocardiographical manifestations of acute organophosphate poisoning","volume":"45","author":"Karki","year":"2004","journal-title":"Singap. Med. J."},{"key":"ref_68","first-page":"64","article-title":"Cardiovascular effects of acute organophosphate poisoning","volume":"3","author":"Laudari","year":"2014","journal-title":"Asia Pac. J. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"157","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2007.05.030","article-title":"Comparative effects of oral chlorpyrifos exposure on cholinesterase activity and muscarinic receptor binding in neonatal and adult rat heart","volume":"238","author":"Howard","year":"2007","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1241","DOI":"10.1177\/0960327114532384","article-title":"Cardiotoxicity in rabbits after a low-level exposure to diazinon, propoxur, and chlorpyrifos","volume":"33","author":"Zafiropoulos","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Exp. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"138714","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2023.138714","article-title":"Effects of Dichlorvos on cardiac cells: Toxicity and molecular mechanism of action","volume":"330","author":"Salem","year":"2023","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1722","DOI":"10.1289\/EHP164","article-title":"Perinatal DDT exposure induces hypertension and cardiac hypertrophy in adult mice","volume":"124","author":"Sethi","year":"2016","journal-title":"Environ. Health Perspect."},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1029","DOI":"10.1016\/j.chemosphere.2013.05.073","article-title":"Early life permethrin treatment leads to long-term cardiotoxicity","volume":"93","author":"Vadhana","year":"2013","journal-title":"Chemosphere"},{"key":"ref_74","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14","DOI":"10.1016\/j.pestbp.2009.08.008","article-title":"Oxidative damage, biochemical and histopathological alterations in rats exposed to chlorpyrifos and the antioxidant role of zinc","volume":"96","author":"Mansour","year":"2010","journal-title":"Pestic. Biochem. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_75","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"145","DOI":"10.4103\/0253-7613.33434","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos-induced oxidative stress and tissue damage in the liver, kidney, brain and fetus in pregnant rats: The protective role of the butanolic extract of Paronychia argentea L","volume":"39","author":"Zama","year":"2007","journal-title":"Indian J. Pharmacol."},{"key":"ref_76","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"3723","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-018-3908-8","article-title":"Acute triflumuron exposure induces oxidative stress responses in liver and kidney of Balb\/C mice","volume":"26","author":"Timoumi","year":"2019","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_77","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1121","DOI":"10.1002\/jat.3624","article-title":"Metabolomics-on-a-chip approach to study hepatotoxicity of DDT, permethrin and their mixtures","volume":"38","author":"Jellali","year":"2018","journal-title":"J. Appl. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_78","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"21","DOI":"10.5487\/TR.2016.32.1.021","article-title":"Toxicity and carcinogenicity of dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane (DDT)","volume":"32","author":"Harada","year":"2016","journal-title":"Toxicol. Res."},{"key":"ref_79","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allam, A., Abdeen, A., Devkota, H.P., Ibrahim, S.S., Youssef, G., Soliman, A., Abdel-Daim, M.M., Alzahrani, K.J., Shoghy, K., and Ibrahim, S.F. (2022). N-acetylcysteine alleviated the deltamethrin-induced oxidative cascade and apoptosis in liver and kidney tissues. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijerph19020638"},{"key":"ref_80","first-page":"128","article-title":"Hepatotoxicity of cyfluthrin after acute exposure in Swiss albino mice","volume":"4","author":"Rajawat","year":"2015","journal-title":"Bull. Environ. Pharmacol. Life Sci."},{"key":"ref_81","first-page":"1323","article-title":"Selenium modulates \u03b2-cyfluthrin-induced liver oxidative toxicity in rats","volume":"29","author":"Jebur","year":"2014","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_82","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"876","DOI":"10.1093\/aje\/kwh290","article-title":"Pesticides and lung cancer risk in the agricultural health study cohort","volume":"160","author":"Alavanja","year":"2004","journal-title":"Am. J. Epidemiol."},{"key":"ref_83","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"26","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.21891","article-title":"Ameliorative effect of N-acetyl cysteine on alpha-cypermethrin-induced pulmonary toxicity in male rats","volume":"30","author":"Arafa","year":"2015","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_84","first-page":"843","article-title":"Histological changes in the lung and liver tissues in mice exposed to pyrethroid inhalation","volume":"11","author":"SHEIKH","year":"2014","journal-title":"Walailak J. Sci. Technol. (WJST)"},{"key":"ref_85","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"433","DOI":"10.1177\/1091581815593933","article-title":"The pesticide metabolites paraoxon and malaoxon induce cellular death by different mechanisms in cultured human pulmonary cells","volume":"34","author":"Angelini","year":"2015","journal-title":"Int. J. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_86","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"124","DOI":"10.1186\/1465-9921-11-124","article-title":"Differential cell reaction upon Toll-like receptor 4 and 9 activation in human alveolar and lung interstitial macrophages","volume":"11","author":"Diesel","year":"2010","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_87","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"326","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jss.2010.12.005","article-title":"TLR4 mediates lung injury and inflammation in intestinal ischemia-reperfusion","volume":"174","author":"Ben","year":"2012","journal-title":"J. Surg. Res."},{"key":"ref_88","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"10","DOI":"10.1186\/s12995-016-0102-0","article-title":"Fipronil induces lung inflammation in vivo and cell death in vitro","volume":"11","author":"Merkowsky","year":"2016","journal-title":"J. Occup. Med. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_89","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"24","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-019-0986-1","article-title":"Transcriptome analysis reveals the role of the PCP pathway in fipronil and endotoxin-induced lung damage","volume":"20","author":"Pandit","year":"2019","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_90","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejcb.2010.11.004","article-title":"Wnt signaling in macrophages: Augmenting and inhibiting mycobacteria-induced inflammatory responses","volume":"90","author":"Schaale","year":"2011","journal-title":"Eur. J. Cell Biol."},{"key":"ref_91","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2013.03.018","article-title":"Prior oral exposure to environmental immunosuppressive chemicals methoxychlor, parathion, or piperonyl butoxide aggravates allergic airway inflammation in NC\/Nga mice","volume":"309","author":"Nishino","year":"2013","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_92","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L32","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00390.2002","article-title":"Allergen-induced airway disease is mouse strain dependent","volume":"285","author":"Whitehead","year":"2003","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol.-Lung Cell. Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_93","first-page":"77","article-title":"Histological assessment of the Effects of PyrethroidsinsecticideMorteinon the Lungs of Adult WistarRats","volume":"14","author":"Kingsley","year":"2015","journal-title":"IOSR J. Dent. Med. Sci."},{"key":"ref_94","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62975","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-15190-w","article-title":"Protective effects of rutin against deltamethrin-induced hepatotoxicity and nephrotoxicity in rats via regulation of oxidative stress, inflammation, and apoptosis","volume":"28","author":"Kandemir","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_95","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"111898","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbr.2019.04.012","article-title":"Repeated bifenthrin exposure alters hippocampal Nurr-1\/AChE and induces depression-like behavior in adult rats","volume":"370","author":"Gargouri","year":"2019","journal-title":"Behav. Brain Res."},{"key":"ref_96","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"777","DOI":"10.1177\/07482337221089585","article-title":"Neurotoxicity associated with oxidative stress and inflammasome gene expression induced by allethrin in SH-SY5Y cells","volume":"38","author":"Castillo","year":"2022","journal-title":"Toxicol. Ind. Health"},{"key":"ref_97","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"127","DOI":"10.1080\/10937404.2014.882194","article-title":"Estrogenic endocrine-disrupting chemicals: Molecular mechanisms of actions on putative human diseases","volume":"17","author":"Yoon","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part B"},{"key":"ref_98","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.1080\/15287394.2015.1010467","article-title":"Effects of a mixture of pesticides on the adult female reproductive system of Sprague-Dawley, Wistar, and Lewis rats","volume":"78","author":"Pascotto","year":"2015","journal-title":"J. Toxicol. Environ. Health Part A"},{"key":"ref_99","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"131","DOI":"10.1016\/j.etp.2009.10.007","article-title":"Toxic effects of cypermethrin and methamidophos on bovine corpus luteal cells and progesterone production","volume":"63","author":"Gill","year":"2011","journal-title":"Exp. Toxicol. Pathol."},{"key":"ref_100","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"121","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2003.08.008","article-title":"Reproductive adverse effects of fipronil in Wistar rats","volume":"146","author":"Ohi","year":"2004","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_101","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"61","DOI":"10.1097\/01.ede.0000190602.14691.70","article-title":"Exposure to nonpersistent insecticides and male reproductive hormones","volume":"17","author":"Meeker","year":"2006","journal-title":"Epidemiology"},{"key":"ref_102","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bagherpour, H., Malekshah, A.K., Amiri, F.T., and Azadbakht, M. (2019). Protective effect of green tea extract on the deltamethrin-induced toxicity in mice testis: An experimental study. Int. J. Reprod. BioMed., 17.","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v17i5.4601"},{"key":"ref_103","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1130","DOI":"10.1071\/RD15517","article-title":"Perinatal exposure to insecticide fipronil: Effects on the reproductive system in male rats","volume":"29","author":"Bae","year":"2017","journal-title":"Reprod. Fertil. Dev."},{"key":"ref_104","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"152460","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tox.2020.152460","article-title":"Effects and mechanisms of pyrethroids on male reproductive system","volume":"438","author":"Wang","year":"2020","journal-title":"Toxicology"},{"key":"ref_105","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"119","DOI":"10.1210\/er.2008-0025","article-title":"Androgen receptor roles in spermatogenesis and fertility: Lessons from testicular cell-specific androgen receptor knockout mice","volume":"30","author":"Wang","year":"2009","journal-title":"Endocr. Rev."},{"key":"ref_106","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"58","DOI":"10.1093\/toxsci\/kfq120","article-title":"Assessing hormone receptor activities of pyrethroid insecticides and their metabolites in reporter gene assays","volume":"116","author":"Du","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Sci."},{"key":"ref_107","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"717","DOI":"10.1080\/15376516.2017.1351505","article-title":"Cypermethrin inhibits interleukin-6-induced androgen receptor transactivation through signal transducer and activator of transcription 3","volume":"27","author":"Zhou","year":"2017","journal-title":"Toxicol. Mech. Methods"},{"key":"ref_108","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2797","DOI":"10.21037\/tau-20-685","article-title":"Impact of environmental toxin exposure on male fertility potential","volume":"9","author":"Krzastek","year":"2020","journal-title":"Transl. Androl. Urol."},{"key":"ref_109","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Moreira, S., Pereira, S.C., Seco-Rovira, V., Oliveira, P.F., Alves, M.G., and Pereira, M.d.L. (2021). Pesticides and male fertility: A dangerous crosstalk. Metabolites, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/metabo11120799"},{"key":"ref_110","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13978","DOI":"10.1111\/and.13978","article-title":"Iprodione and chlorpyrifos induce testicular damage, oxidative stress, apoptosis and suppression of steroidogenic-and spermatogenic-related genes in immature male albino rats","volume":"53","author":"Hassan","year":"2021","journal-title":"Andrologia"},{"key":"ref_111","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sardar, A., David, M., Jahan, S., Afsar, T., Ahmad, A., Ullah, A., Almajwal, A., Shafique, H., and Razak, S. (2023). Determination of biochemical and histopathological changes on testicular and epididymis tissues induced by exposure to insecticide Imidacloprid during postnatal development in rats. BMC Pharmacol. Toxicol., 24.","DOI":"10.1186\/s40360-023-00709-3"},{"key":"ref_112","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kobir, M.A., Akter, L., Sultana, N., Pervin, M., Awal, M.A., and Karim, M.R. (2023). Effects of imidacloprid-contaminated feed exposure on spermatogenic cells and Leydig cells in testes of adult male rabbits (Oryctolagus cuniculus). Saudi J. Biol. Sci., 30.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.sjbs.2022.103541"},{"key":"ref_113","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"874","DOI":"10.1007\/s00244-009-9371-2","article-title":"Changes in sperm characteristics and induction of oxidative stress in the testis and epididymis of experimental rats by a herbicide, atrazine","volume":"58","author":"Abarikwu","year":"2010","journal-title":"Arch. Environ. Contam. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_114","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"37482","DOI":"10.1007\/s11356-021-13396-6","article-title":"Meta-analysis and experimental validation identified atrazine as a toxicant in the male reproductive system","volume":"28","author":"Zhu","year":"2021","journal-title":"Environ. Sci. Pollut. Res."},{"key":"ref_115","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"17","DOI":"10.1016\/j.reprotox.2020.05.013","article-title":"Exposure to low doses of malathion during juvenile and peripubertal periods impairs testicular and sperm parameters in rats: Role of oxidative stress and testosterone","volume":"96","author":"Erthal","year":"2020","journal-title":"Reprod. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_116","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1160","DOI":"10.1002\/tox.23473","article-title":"Cypermethrin inhibits Leydig cell development and function in pubertal rats","volume":"37","author":"Li","year":"2022","journal-title":"Environ. Toxicol."},{"key":"ref_117","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Saleh, H., Nassar, A.M., Noreldin, A.E., Samak, D., Elshony, N., Wasef, L., Elewa, Y.H., Hassan, S.M., Saati, A.A., and Hetta, H.F. (2020). Chemo-protective potential of cerium oxide nanoparticles against fipronil-induced oxidative stress, apoptosis, inflammation and reproductive dysfunction in male white albino rats. Molecules, 25.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules25153479"},{"key":"ref_118","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jafari, H., Mirzaiinajmabadi, K., Roudsari, R.L., and Rakhshkhorshid, M. (2021). The factors affecting male infertility: A systematic review. Int. J. Reprod. Biomed., 19.","DOI":"10.18502\/ijrm.v19i8.9615"},{"key":"ref_119","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"146","DOI":"10.1016\/j.toxlet.2014.01.029","article-title":"Occupational exposure to pesticides and consequences on male semen and fertility: A review","volume":"230","author":"Mehrpour","year":"2014","journal-title":"Toxicol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_120","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"76","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2009.12.013","article-title":"Mouse germ cell development: From specification to sex determination","volume":"323","author":"Ewen","year":"2010","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_121","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"347","DOI":"10.1530\/rep.0.1210347","article-title":"Proliferation and differentiation of spermatogonial stem cells","volume":"121","year":"2001","journal-title":"Reprod.-Camb."},{"key":"ref_122","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"382","DOI":"10.1016\/j.tiv.2009.11.001","article-title":"Effects of permethrin, cypermethrin and 3-phenoxybenzoic acid on rat sperm motility in vitro evaluated with computer-assisted sperm analysis","volume":"24","author":"Yuan","year":"2010","journal-title":"Toxicol. Vitr."},{"key":"ref_123","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"4","DOI":"10.1186\/s43043-022-00094-7","article-title":"Understanding sperm motility mechanisms and the implication of sperm surface molecules in promoting motility","volume":"27","author":"Chakraborty","year":"2022","journal-title":"Middle East Fertil. Soc. J."},{"key":"ref_124","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kwon, W.-S., Park, Y.-J., Kim, Y.-H., You, Y.-A., Kim, I.C., and Pang, M.-G. (2013). Vasopressin effectively suppresses male fertility. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0054192"},{"key":"ref_125","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"82","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mce.2013.04.005","article-title":"Progesterone utilizes the PI3K-AKT pathway in human spermatozoa to regulate motility and hyperactivation but not acrosome reaction","volume":"374","author":"Vernekar","year":"2013","journal-title":"Mol. Cell. Endocrinol."},{"key":"ref_126","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"134775","DOI":"10.1016\/j.scitotenv.2019.134775","article-title":"Butylated hydroxyanisole induces testicular dysfunction in mouse testis cells by dysregulating calcium homeostasis and stimulating endoplasmic reticulum stress","volume":"702","author":"Ham","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Total Environ."},{"key":"ref_127","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"106558","DOI":"10.1016\/j.isci.2023.106558","article-title":"Chlorpyrifos induces male infertility in pigs through ROS and PI3K-AKT pathway","volume":"26","author":"Zhang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Iscience"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/6945\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:10Z","timestamp":1760108650000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/6945"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":127,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25136945"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25136945","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}