{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,4,9]],"date-time":"2026-04-09T12:20:24Z","timestamp":1775737224384,"version":"3.50.1"},"reference-count":73,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]],"date-time":"2024-06-25T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719273600000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"German Research Foundation","award":["393148499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["393148499"]}]},{"name":"University Medicine Greifswald","award":["393148499"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["393148499"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Chondrosarcoma (CS) is a rare malignant bone sarcoma that primarily affects cartilage cells in the femur and pelvis. While most subtypes exhibit slow growth with a very good prognosis, some aggressive subtypes have a poorer overall survival. CS is known for its resistance to chemotherapy and radiotherapy, leaving surgery as the sole effective therapeutic option. Cold physical plasma (CPP) has been explored in vitro as a potential therapy, demonstrating positive anti-tumor effects on CS cells. This study investigated the synergistic effects of combining CPP with cytostatics on CS cells. The chemotherapeutic agents cisplatin, doxorubicin, and vincristine were applied to two CS cell lines (CAL-78 and SW1353). After determining their IC20 and IC50, they were combined with CPP in both cell lines to assess their impact on the cell proliferation, viability, metabolism, and apoptosis. This combined approach significantly reduced the cell proliferation and viability while increasing the apoptosis signals compared to cytostatic therapy alone. The combination of CPP and chemotherapeutic drugs shows promise in targeting chemoresistant CS cells, potentially improving the prognosis for patients in clinical settings.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136955","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1719465099000},"page":"6955","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Combined Application of Cold Physical Plasma and Chemotherapeutics against Chondrosarcoma Cells"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-5045-2812","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andreas","family":"Nitsch","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0002-4445-3004","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sara","family":"Qarqash","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1137-7148","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Frank","family":"Schulze","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Lars","family":"Nonnenmacher","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8773-8862","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sander","family":"Bekeschus","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"ZIK Plasmatis, Leibniz Institute for Plasma Science and Technology (INP), Felix-Hausdorff-Stra\u00dfe 2, 17489 Greifswald, Germany"},{"name":"Clinic and Policlinic for Dermatology and Venerology, Rostock University Medical Center, Strempelstr. 13, 18057 Rostock, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Mladen V.","family":"Tzvetkov","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of General Pharmacology, Institute of Pharmacology, Center of Drug Absorption and Transport (C_DAT), University Medicine Greifswald, 17487 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"given":"Georgi I.","family":"Wassilew","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3714-4721","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Lyubomir","family":"Haralambiev","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Center for Orthopedics, Trauma Surgery and Rehabilitation Medicine, University Medicine Greifswald, Ferdinand-Sauerbruch-Str., 17475 Greifswald, Germany"}],"role":[{"role":"author","vocabulary":"crossref"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"Limaiem, F., Davis, D.D., and Sticco, K.L. (2024). Chondrosarcoma. StatPearls, StatPearls Publishing."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"110","DOI":"10.1080\/0284186X.2023.2177975","article-title":"The National Incidence of Chondrosarcoma of Bone; a Review","volume":"62","author":"Thorkildsen","year":"2023","journal-title":"Acta Oncol."},{"key":"ref_3","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cosci, I., Del Fiore, P., Mocellin, S., and Ferlin, A. (2024). Gender Differences in Soft Tissue and Bone Sarcoma: A Narrative Review. Cancers, 16.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers16010201"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"553","DOI":"10.5435\/JAAOS-D-20-01188","article-title":"Chondrosarcoma","volume":"29","author":"Weinschenk","year":"2021","journal-title":"JAAOS\u2014J. Am. Acad. Orthop. Surg."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"40","DOI":"10.1097\/BLO.0b013e318059b8c9","article-title":"Osteosarcoma, Chondrosarcoma, and Ewing\u2019s Sarcoma: National Cancer Data Base Report","volume":"459","author":"Damron","year":"2007","journal-title":"Clin. Orthop. Relat. Res.\u00ae"},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"329","DOI":"10.1007\/s00256-022-04093-7","article-title":"The 2020 World Health Organization Classification of Bone Tumors: What Radiologists Should Know","volume":"52","author":"Hwang","year":"2023","journal-title":"Skelet. Radiol."},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"402","DOI":"10.1016\/j.suronc.2018.05.009","article-title":"Incidence, Outcomes and Prognostic Factors during 25 Years of Treatment of Chondrosarcomas","volume":"27","author":"Ho","year":"2018","journal-title":"Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"818","DOI":"10.1002\/1097-0142(197708)40:2<818::AID-CNCR2820400234>3.0.CO;2-B","article-title":"Prognostic Factors in Chondrosarcoma of Bone. A Clinicopathologic Analysis with Emphasis on Histologic Grading","volume":"40","author":"Evans","year":"1977","journal-title":"Cancer"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"681","DOI":"10.21873\/cdp.10159","article-title":"Prognostic Factors for Survival in Patients with High-Grade Chondrosarcoma","volume":"2","author":"Kinoshita","year":"2022","journal-title":"Cancer Diagn. Progn."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"93","DOI":"10.1302\/0301-620X.84B1.0840093","article-title":"Risk Factors for Survival and Local Control in Chondrosarcoma of Bone","volume":"84-B","author":"Fiorenza","year":"2002","journal-title":"J. Bone Jt. Surgery. Br. Vol."},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1412","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ejso.2018.05.033","article-title":"The Role of Surgical Margins in Chondrosarcoma","volume":"44","author":"Stevenson","year":"2018","journal-title":"Eur. J. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Zaj\u0105c, A.E., Kope\u0107, S., Szostakowski, B., Spa\u0142ek, M.J., Fiedorowicz, M., Bylina, E., Filipowicz, P., Szumera-Cie\u0107kiewicz, A., Tysarowski, A., and Czarnecka, A.M. (2021). Chondrosarcoma-from Molecular Pathology to Novel Therapies. Cancers, 13.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers13102390"},{"key":"ref_13","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.critrevonc.2018.03.009","article-title":"Biological Aspects of Chondrosarcoma: Leaps and Hurdles","volume":"126","author":"Mery","year":"2018","journal-title":"Crit. Rev. Oncol.\/Hematol."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"379","DOI":"10.1016\/j.bbrc.2006.05.158","article-title":"Intrinsic Radiation Resistance in Human Chondrosarcoma Cells","volume":"346","author":"Mollano","year":"2006","journal-title":"Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"585","DOI":"10.1002\/jor.1100160510","article-title":"Chemotherapy and P-glycoprotein Expression in Chondrosarcoma","volume":"16","author":"Terek","year":"1998","journal-title":"J. Orthop. Res."},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"28","DOI":"10.1186\/1476-4598-8-28","article-title":"siRNA-Based Targeting of Antiapoptotic Genes Can Reverse Chemoresistance in P-Glycoprotein Expressing Chondrosarcoma Cells","volume":"8","author":"Kim","year":"2009","journal-title":"Mol. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Laroussi, M. (2020). Cold Plasma in Medicine and Healthcare: The New Frontier in Low Temperature Plasma Applications. Front. Phys., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphy.2020.00074"},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"18339","DOI":"10.1038\/srep18339","article-title":"Principles of Using Cold Atmospheric Plasma Stimulated Media for Cancer Treatment","volume":"5","author":"Yan","year":"2015","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ji, H.W., Kim, H., Kim, H.W., Yun, S.H., Park, J.E., Choi, E.H., and Kim, S.J. (2020). Genome-Wide Comparison of the Target Genes of the Reactive Oxygen Species and Non-Reactive Oxygen Species Constituents of Cold Atmospheric Plasma in Cancer Cells. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12092640"},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e124106","DOI":"10.5812\/ijpr-124106","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma versus Cisplatin against Oral Squamous Cell Carcinoma: A Mitochondrial Targeting Study","volume":"21","author":"Afrasiabi","year":"2022","journal-title":"Iran. J. Pharm. Res."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"302","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2021.05.027","article-title":"Plasma Activated Media and Direct Exposition Can Selectively Ablate Retinoblastoma Cells","volume":"171","author":"Laranjo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"299","DOI":"10.1245\/s10434-017-6239-y","article-title":"Effect of Plasma-Activated Lactated Ringer\u2019s Solution on Pancreatic Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Vivo","volume":"25","author":"Sato","year":"2018","journal-title":"Ann. Surg. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"602","DOI":"10.4236\/jct.2021.1211052","article-title":"The Future Therapy of Renal Cell Carcinoma? Non-Invasive Physical Plasma as an Innovative Oncological Therapy Modality","volume":"12","author":"Nitsch","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Cancer Ther."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"496","DOI":"10.4062\/biomolther.2023.027","article-title":"Current Status and Future Trends of Cold Atmospheric Plasma as an Oncotherapy","volume":"31","author":"Dai","year":"2023","journal-title":"Biomol. Ther."},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsch, A., Strakeljahn, S., Jacoby, J.M., Sieb, K.F., Mustea, A., Bekeschus, S., Ekkernkamp, A., Stope, M.B., and Haralambiev, L. (2022). New Approach against Chondrosoma Cells\u2014Cold Plasma Treatment Inhibits Cell Motility and Metabolism, and Leads to Apoptosis. Biomedicines, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines10030688"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Haralambiev, L., Nitsch, A., Jacoby, J.M., Strakeljahn, S., Bekeschus, S., Mustea, A., Ekkernkamp, A., and Stope, M.B. (2020). Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment of Chondrosarcoma Cells Affects Proliferation and Cell Membrane Permeability. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21072291"},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Murillo, D., Huergo, C., Gallego, B., Rodr\u00edguez, R., and Torn\u00edn, J. (2023). Exploring the Use of Cold Atmospheric Plasma to Overcome Drug Resistance in Cancer. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11010208"},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"32","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2022.07.007","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma Enhances Doxorubicin Selectivity in Metastasic Bone Cancer","volume":"189","author":"Ginebra","year":"2022","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"14788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-021-94130-7","article-title":"Synergistic Effect of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma and Free or Liposomal Doxorubicin on Melanoma Cells","volume":"11","author":"Athanasopoulos","year":"2021","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"280","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2017.06.017","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma Restores Tamoxifen Sensitivity in Resistant MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cell","volume":"110","author":"Lee","year":"2017","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"15977","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.13304","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma, a Novel Promising Anti-Cancer Treatment Modality","volume":"8","author":"Yan","year":"2016","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"11788","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-68585-z","article-title":"The Anti-Glioblastoma Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma Treatment: Physical Pathway vs. Chemical Pathway","volume":"10","author":"Yan","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_33","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Bekeschus, S., Moritz, J., Helfrich, I., Boeckmann, L., Weltmann, K.-D., Emmert, S., Metelmann, H.-R., Stoffels, I., and von Woedtke, T. (2020). Ex Vivo Exposure of Human Melanoma Tissue to Cold Physical Plasma Elicits Apoptosis and Modulates Inflammation. Appl. Sci., 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/app10061971"},{"key":"ref_34","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Almeida-Ferreira, C., Silva-Teixeira, R., Gon\u00e7alves, A.C., Marto, C.M., Sarmento-Ribeiro, A.B., Caramelo, F., Botelho, M.F., and Laranjo, M. (2022). Cold Atmospheric Plasma Apoptotic and Oxidative Effects on MCF7 and HCC1806 Human Breast Cancer Cells. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 23.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms23031698"},{"key":"ref_35","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"218","DOI":"10.3390\/plasma1010019","article-title":"Treatment of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells with the Canady Cold Plasma Conversion System: Preliminary Results","volume":"1","author":"Cheng","year":"2018","journal-title":"Plasma"},{"key":"ref_36","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsch, A., Sieb, K.F., Qarqash, S., Schoon, J., Ekkernkamp, A., Wassilew, G.I., Niethard, M., and Haralambiev, L. (2023). Selective Effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Bone Sarcoma Cells and Human Osteoblasts. Biomedicines, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines11020601"},{"key":"ref_37","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"841","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.14016","article-title":"The Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on the Membrane Permeability of Human Osteosarcoma Cells","volume":"40","author":"Haralambiev","year":"2020","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_38","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Semmler, M.L., Bekeschus, S., Sch\u00e4fer, M., Bernhardt, T., Fischer, T., Witzke, K., Seebauer, C., Rebl, H., Grambow, E., and Vollmar, B. (2020). Molecular Mechanisms of the Efficacy of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma (CAP) in Cancer Treatment. Cancers, 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers12020269"},{"key":"ref_39","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"K\u00f6ritzer, J., Boxhammer, V., Sch\u00e4fer, A., Shimizu, T., Kl\u00e4mpfl, T.G., Li, Y.-F., Welz, C., Schwenk-Zieger, S., Morfill, G.E., and Zimmermann, J.L. (2013). Restoration of Sensitivity in Chemo\u2014Resistant Glioma Cells by Cold Atmospheric Plasma. PLoS ONE, 8.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0064498"},{"key":"ref_40","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"16495","DOI":"10.1038\/s41598-020-73457-7","article-title":"Combination Therapy of Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) with Temozolomide in the Treatment of U87MG Glioblastoma Cells","volume":"10","author":"Gjika","year":"2020","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_41","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1610","DOI":"10.1021\/acsabm.2c00018","article-title":"Cold Plasma Discharge Tube Enhances Antitumoral Efficacy of Temozolomide","volume":"5","author":"Yao","year":"2022","journal-title":"ACS Appl. Bio Mater."},{"key":"ref_42","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1179","DOI":"10.1038\/s41419-018-1221-6","article-title":"Combination of Chemotherapy and Physical Plasma Elicits Melanoma Cell Death via Upregulation of SLC22A16","volume":"9","author":"Sagwal","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Death Dis."},{"key":"ref_43","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Alimohammadi, M., Golpour, M., Sohbatzadeh, F., Hadavi, S., Bekeschus, S., Niaki, H.A., Valadan, R., and Rafiei, A. (2020). Cold Atmospheric Plasma Is a Potent Tool to Improve Chemotherapy in Melanoma In Vitro and In Vivo. Biomolecules, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/biom10071011"},{"key":"ref_44","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"202","DOI":"10.1016\/j.freeradbiomed.2023.10.405","article-title":"Effects of Cold Atmospheric-Pressure Plasma in Combination with Doxorubicin Drug against Breast Cancer Cells in Vitro and in Vivo","volume":"209","author":"Dezhpour","year":"2023","journal-title":"Free Radic. Biol. Med."},{"key":"ref_45","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"640","DOI":"10.52547\/rbmb.10.4.640","article-title":"The Impacts of Prepared Plasma-Activated Medium (PAM) Combined with Doxorubicin on the Viability of MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells: A New Cancer Treatment Strategy","volume":"10","author":"Zahedian","year":"2022","journal-title":"Rep. Biochem. Mol. Biol."},{"key":"ref_46","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Park, S., Kim, H., Ji, H.W., Kim, H.W., Yun, S.H., Choi, E.H., and Kim, S.J. (2019). Cold Atmospheric Plasma Restores Paclitaxel Sensitivity to Paclitaxel-Resistant Breast Cancer Cells by Reversing Expression of Resistance-Related Genes. Cancers, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/cancers11122011"},{"key":"ref_47","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"5655","DOI":"10.21873\/anticanres.12901","article-title":"Cold Physical Plasma Selectively Elicits Apoptosis in Murine Pancreatic Cancer Cells In Vitro and In Ovo","volume":"38","author":"Liedtke","year":"2018","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_48","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1377","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201500123","article-title":"Synergistic Inhibition of Tumor Cell Proliferation by Cold Plasma and Gemcitabine","volume":"12","author":"Masur","year":"2015","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_49","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Nitsch, A., Qarqash, S., R\u00f6mer, S., Schoon, J., Ekkernkamp, A., Niethard, M., Reichert, J.C., Wassilew, G.I., Tzvetkov, M.V., and Haralambiev, L. (2023). Enhancing the Impact of Chemotherapy on Ewing Sarcoma Cells through Combination with Cold Physical Plasma. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 24.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms24108669"},{"key":"ref_50","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"530","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jbiotec.2010.10.003","article-title":"Induction of Cell Growth Arrest by Atmospheric Non-Thermal Plasma in Colorectal Cancer Cells","volume":"150","author":"Kim","year":"2010","journal-title":"J. Biotechnol."},{"key":"ref_51","first-page":"6739","article-title":"Cold Atmospheric Plasma (CAP) and CAP-Stimulated Cell Culture Media Suppress Ovarian Cancer Cell Growth\u2014A Putative Treatment Option in Ovarian Cancer Therapy","volume":"37","author":"Koensgen","year":"2017","journal-title":"Anticancer Res."},{"key":"ref_52","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Gazendam, A., Popovic, S., Parasu, N., and Ghert, M. (2023). Chondrosarcoma: A Clinical Review. J. Clin. Med., 12.","DOI":"10.3390\/jcm12072506"},{"key":"ref_53","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"599","DOI":"10.1016\/S1470-2045(05)70282-5","article-title":"Emerging Pathways in the Development of Chondrosarcoma of Bone and Implications for Targeted Treatment","volume":"6","author":"Taminiau","year":"2005","journal-title":"Lancet Oncol."},{"key":"ref_54","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2916","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdt374","article-title":"Advanced Chondrosarcomas: Role of Chemotherapy and Survival","volume":"24","author":"Italiano","year":"2013","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_55","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1617","DOI":"10.1093\/annonc\/mdr512","article-title":"Restoration of Chemosensitivity for Doxorubicin and Cisplatin in Chondrosarcoma in Vitro: BCL-2 Family Members Cause Chemoresistance","volume":"23","author":"Herpers","year":"2012","journal-title":"Ann. Oncol."},{"key":"ref_56","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Tian, Z., and Yao, W. (2023). Chemotherapeutic Drugs for Soft Tissue Sarcomas: A Review. Front. Pharmacol., 14.","DOI":"10.3389\/fphar.2023.1199292"},{"key":"ref_57","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"85","DOI":"10.1038\/nrc2981","article-title":"Regulation of Cancer Cell Metabolism","volume":"11","author":"Cairns","year":"2011","journal-title":"Nat. Rev. Cancer"},{"key":"ref_58","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"848","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cmet.2018.08.006","article-title":"Increased Lactate Secretion by Cancer Cells Sustains Non-Cell-Autonomous Adaptive Resistance to MET and EGFR Targeted Therapies","volume":"28","author":"Apicella","year":"2018","journal-title":"Cell Metab."},{"key":"ref_59","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e2107220118","DOI":"10.1073\/pnas.2107220118","article-title":"Trident Cold Atmospheric Plasma Blocks Three Cancer Survival Pathways to Overcome Therapy Resistance","volume":"118","author":"Guo","year":"2021","journal-title":"Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA"},{"key":"ref_60","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"6778","DOI":"10.1002\/jcp.27428","article-title":"The Antiproliferative Effects of Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Activated Media on Different Cancer Cell Lines, the Implication of Ozone as a Possible Underlying Mechanism","volume":"234","author":"Mokhtari","year":"2019","journal-title":"J. Cell. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_61","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"19","DOI":"10.1515\/hsz-2018-0242","article-title":"Chemistry and Biochemistry of Cold Physical Plasma Derived Reactive Species in Liquids","volume":"400","author":"Wende","year":"2019","journal-title":"Biol. Chem."},{"key":"ref_62","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"193305","DOI":"10.1063\/5.0046685","article-title":"Reactive Species Driven Oxidative Modifications of Peptides\u2014Tracing Physical Plasma Liquid Chemistry","volume":"129","author":"Wenske","year":"2021","journal-title":"J. Appl. Phys."},{"key":"ref_63","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1157","DOI":"10.1002\/ppap.201600089","article-title":"Mechanisms of Selective Antitumor Action of Cold Atmospheric Plasma-Derived Reactive Oxygen and Nitrogen Species","volume":"13","author":"Bauer","year":"2016","journal-title":"Plasma Process. Polym."},{"key":"ref_64","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2451","DOI":"10.1109\/TPS.2010.2056393","article-title":"On the Mechanism of Plasma Inducing Cell Apoptosis","volume":"38","author":"Yan","year":"2010","journal-title":"IEEE Trans. Plasma Sci."},{"key":"ref_65","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"565","DOI":"10.1002\/bit.25114","article-title":"Induction of Apoptosis in Human Myeloid Leukemia Cells by Remote Exposure of Resistive Barrier Cold Plasma","volume":"111","author":"Thiyagarajan","year":"2014","journal-title":"Biotech. Bioeng."},{"key":"ref_66","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13544","DOI":"10.1111\/srt.13544","article-title":"Effect of Cold Atmospheric Plasma on Changing of Biomolecular Structures Involved in Apoptosis Pathways of Melanoma Cancer","volume":"30","author":"Yazdani","year":"2024","journal-title":"Ski. Res. Technol."},{"key":"ref_67","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Sersenov\u00e1, D., Machala, Z., Repisk\u00e1, V., and Gbelcov\u00e1, H. (2021). Selective Apoptotic Effect of Plasma Activated Liquids on Human Cancer Cell Lines. Molecules, 26.","DOI":"10.3390\/molecules26144254"},{"key":"ref_68","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Lee, C.-M., Jeong, Y.-I., Kook, M.-S., and Kim, B.-H. (2020). Combinatorial Effect of Cold Atmosphere Plasma (CAP) and the Anticancer Drug Cisplatin on Oral Squamous Cell Cancer Therapy. Int. J. Mol. Sci., 21.","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms21207646"},{"key":"ref_69","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"48","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mrgentox.2016.02.003","article-title":"Risk Assessment of a Cold Argon Plasma Jet in Respect to Its Mutagenicity","volume":"798\u2013799","author":"Wende","year":"2016","journal-title":"Mutat. Res.\/Genet. Toxicol. Environ. Mutagen."},{"key":"ref_70","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Kluge, S., Bekeschus, S., Bender, C., Benkhai, H., Sckell, A., Below, H., Stope, M.B., and Kramer, A. (2016). Investigating the Mutagenicity of a Cold Argon-Plasma Jet in an HET-MN Model. PLoS ONE, 11.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0160667"},{"key":"ref_71","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Jablonowski, L., Kocher, T., Schindler, A., M\u00fcller, K., Dombrowski, F., von Woedtke, T., Arnold, T., Lehmann, A., Rupf, S., and Evert, M. (2019). Side Effects by Oral Application of Atmospheric Pressure Plasma on the Mucosa in Mice. PLoS ONE, 14.","DOI":"10.1371\/journal.pone.0215099"},{"key":"ref_72","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Rutkowski, R., Daeschlein, G., von Woedtke, T., Smeets, R., Gosau, M., and Metelmann, H.-R. (2020). Long-Term Risk Assessment for Medical Application of Cold Atmospheric Pressure Plasma. Diagnostics, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/diagnostics10040210"},{"key":"ref_73","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"9","DOI":"10.1016\/j.cpme.2018.04.001","article-title":"Side Effects in Cold Plasma Treatment of Advanced Oral Cancer\u2014Clinical Data and Biological Interpretation","volume":"10","author":"Schuster","year":"2018","journal-title":"Clin. Plasma Med."}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/6955\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:04:21Z","timestamp":1760108661000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/6955"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]},"references-count":73,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25136955"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25136955","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,25]]}}}