{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,9,8]],"date-time":"2026-09-08T05:48:09Z","timestamp":1788846489909,"version":"build-2803163510"},"reference-count":66,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]],"date-time":"2024-06-26T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719360000000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"American Association of Orthodontists Foundation (AAOF)"},{"name":"University of Louisville School of Dentistry"}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The acidic byproducts of bacteria in plaque around orthodontic brackets contribute to white spot lesion (WSL) formation. Nitric oxide (NO) has antibacterial properties, hindering biofilm formation and inhibiting the growth of oral microbes. Materials that mimic NO release could prevent oral bacteria-related pathologies. This study aims to integrate S-nitroso-acetylpenicillamine (SNAP), a promising NO donor, into orthodontic elastomeric ligatures, apply an additional polymer coating, and evaluate the NO-release kinetics and antimicrobial activity against Streptococus mutans. SNAP was added to clear elastomeric chains (8 loops, 23 mm long) at three concentrations (50, 75, 100 mg\/mL, and a control). Chains were then coated, via electrospinning, with additional polymer (Elastollan\u00ae) to aid in extending the NO release. NO flux was measured daily for 30 days. Samples with 75 mg\/mL SNAP + Elastollan\u00ae were tested against S. mutans for inhibition of biofilm formation on and around the chain. SNAP was successfully integrated into ligatures at each concentration. Only the 75 mg\/mL SNAP chains maintained their elasticity. After polymer coating, samples exhibited a significant burst of NO on the first day, exceeding the machine\u2019s reading capacity, which gradually decreased over 29 days. Ligatures also inhibited S. mutans growth and biofilm formation. Future research will assess their mechanical properties and cytotoxicity. This study presents a novel strategy to address white spot lesion (WSL) formation and bacterial-related pathologies by utilizing nitric oxide-releasing materials. Manufactured chains with antimicrobial properties provide a promising solution for orthodontic challenges, showing significant potential for academic-industrial collaboration and commercial viability.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25136982","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1719465099000},"page":"6982","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":3,"title":["Synthesis and Characterization of a Sustained Nitric Oxide-Releasing Orthodontic Elastomeric Chain for Antimicrobial Action"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"given":"Alec","family":"McDonald","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carly","family":"Warden","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jinlian","family":"Tan","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-4132-7304","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Kellianne M.","family":"Piell","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jill M.","family":"Steinbach-Rankins","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville School of Medicine, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nandakumar","family":"Janakiraman","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Georgia School of Orthodontics, Atlanta, GA 30350, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1007-2756","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"David A.","family":"Scott","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Oral Immunology and Infectious Diseases, University of Louisville, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Marsha P.","family":"Cole","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-5558-2285","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Sudha","family":"Gudhimella","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Orthodontics, University of Louisville School of Dentistry, Louisville, KY 40202, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,26]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"751","DOI":"10.1016\/j.ajodo.2012.01.015","article-title":"How does orthodontic treatment affect young adults\u2019 oral health-related quality of life?","volume":"141","author":"Palomares","year":"2012","journal-title":"Am. 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