{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,11,6]],"date-time":"2026-11-06T00:53:45Z","timestamp":1793926425946,"version":"4.8.0"},"reference-count":69,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"NIAAA","award":["2R01AA021771"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2R01AA021771"]}]},{"name":"NIAAA","award":["P50 AA022534"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["P50 AA022534"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>The prevalence of prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) is increasing, with evidence suggesting that PAE is linked to an increased risk of infections. PAE is hypothesized to affect the innate immune system, which identifies pathogens through pattern recognition receptors, of which toll-like receptors (TLRs) are key components. We hypothesized that light-to-moderate PAE would impair immune responses, as measured by a heightened response in cytokine levels following TLR stimulation. Umbilical cord samples (10 controls and 8 PAE) from a subset of the Ethanol, Neurodevelopment, Infant and Child Health Study-2 cohort were included. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PMBCs) were stimulated with one agonist (TLR2, TLR3, TLR4, or TLR9). TLR2 agonist stimulation significantly increased pro-inflammatory interleukin-1-beta in the PAE group after 24 h. Pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines were increased following stimulation with the TLR2 agonists. Stimulation with TLR3 or TLR9 agonists displayed minimal impact overall, but there were significant increases in the percent change of the control compared to PAE after 24 h. The results of this pilot investigation support further work into the impact on TLR2 and TLR4 response following PAE to delineate if alterations in levels of pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines have clinical significance that could be used in patient management and\/or attention to follow-up.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137019","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1719465099000},"page":"7019","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":4,"title":["Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure Increases Toll-like Receptor Activity in Umbilical Cord Blood at Birth: A Pilot Study"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8990-7239","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Jessie R.","family":"Maxwell","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"},{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Shahani","family":"Noor","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Neurosciences, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Nathaniel","family":"Pavlik","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Pediatrics, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-3092-5421","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dominique E.","family":"Rodriguez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Lidia","family":"Enriquez Marquez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Jared","family":"DiDomenico","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Sarah J.","family":"Blossom","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Ludmila N.","family":"Bakhireva","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Substance Use Research and Education (SURE) Center, College of Pharmacy, University of New Mexico, Albuquerque, NM 87131, USA"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"62","DOI":"10.1097\/OGX.0b013e31827f238f","article-title":"Fetal alcohol exposure: Consequences, diagnosis, and treatment","volume":"68","author":"Pruett","year":"2013","journal-title":"Obstet. 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