{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,16]],"date-time":"2026-10-16T23:26:50Z","timestamp":1792193210190,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":90,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719446400000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"University of Rome Tor Vergata, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Disease","award":["E82F17000410005"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["E82F17000410005"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Nanomedicine could improve the treatment of diabetes by exploiting various therapeutic mechanisms through the use of suitable nanoformulations. For example, glucose-sensitive nanoparticles can release insulin in response to high glucose levels, mimicking the physiological release of insulin. Oral nanoformulations for insulin uptake via the gut represent a long-sought alternative to subcutaneous injections, which cause pain, discomfort, and possible local infection. Nanoparticles containing oligonucleotides can be used in gene therapy and cell therapy to stimulate insulin production in \u03b2-cells or \u03b2-like cells and modulate the responses of T1DM-associated immune cells. In contrast, viral vectors do not induce immunogenicity. Finally, in diabetic wound healing, local delivery of nanoformulations containing regenerative molecules can stimulate tissue repair and thus provide a valuable tool to treat this diabetic complication. Here, we describe these different approaches to diabetes treatment with nanoformulations and their potential for clinical application.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137028","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T05:11:39Z","timestamp":1719465099000},"page":"7028","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":34,"title":["Nanomedicine in the Treatment of Diabetes"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2294-5833","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Aikaterini","family":"Andreadi","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Pietro","family":"Lodeserto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Federica","family":"Todaro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-3789-9622","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Marco","family":"Meloni","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Maria","family":"Romano","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alessandro","family":"Minasi","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Alfonso","family":"Bellia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8597-4415","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Davide","family":"Lauro","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Section of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Department of Systems Medicine, University of Rome Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"},{"name":"Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Medical Sciences, Fondazione Policlinico Tor Vergata, 00133 Rome, Italy"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"American Diabetes Association (2019). 2. 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