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The etiology of IBD is complex and multifactorial, involving environmental, microbiota, genetic, and immunological factors that alter the molecular basis of the organism. Among these, the microbiota and immune cells play pivotal roles; the microbiota generates antigens recognized by immune cells and antibodies, while autoantibodies target and attack the intestinal membrane, exacerbating inflammation and tissue damage. Given the altered molecular framework, the analysis of multiple molecular biomarkers in patients proves exceedingly valuable for diagnosing and prognosing IBD, including markers like C reactive protein and fecal calprotectin. Upon detection and classification of patients, specific treatments are administered, ranging from conventional drugs to new biological therapies, such as antibodies to neutralize inflammatory molecules like tumor necrosis factor (TNF) and integrin. This review delves into the molecular basis and targets, biomarkers, treatment options, monitoring techniques, and, ultimately, current challenges in IBD management.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137062","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]],"date-time":"2024-06-27T11:19:02Z","timestamp":1719487142000},"page":"7062","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":110,"title":["Inflammatory Bowel Disease: A Comprehensive Analysis of Molecular Bases, Predictive Biomarkers, Diagnostic Methods, and Therapeutic Options"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-7151-1639","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Eguzki\u00f1e","family":"Diez-Martin","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., 48170 Zamudio, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0009-0005-5092-3625","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leidi","family":"Hernandez-Suarez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., 48170 Zamudio, Spain"},{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Carmen","family":"Mu\u00f1oz-Villafranca","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Gastroenterology, University Hospital of Basurto, Avda Montevideo 18, 48013 Bilbao, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-8540-5629","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Leire","family":"Martin-Souto","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0338-5554","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Egoitz","family":"Astigarraga","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., 48170 Zamudio, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-2696-162X","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Andoni","family":"Ramirez-Garcia","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Immunology, Microbiology and Parasitology, Faculty of Science and Technology, University of the Basque Country (UPV\/EHU), 48940 Leioa, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-8330-1567","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Gabriel","family":"Barreda-G\u00f3mez","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Research and Development Department, IMG Pharma Biotech S.L., 48170 Zamudio, Spain"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,27]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","unstructured":"McDowell, C., Farooq, U., and Haseeb, M. 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