{"status":"ok","message-type":"work","message-version":"1.0.0","message":{"indexed":{"date-parts":[[2026,10,15]],"date-time":"2026-10-15T22:24:43Z","timestamp":1792103083768,"version":"4.4.0"},"reference-count":32,"publisher":"MDPI AG","issue":"13","license":[{"start":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]],"date-time":"2024-06-28T00:00:00Z","timestamp":1719532800000},"content-version":"vor","delay-in-days":0,"URL":"https:\/\/creativecommons.org\/licenses\/by\/4.0\/"}],"funder":[{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["2021R1I1A3044128"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["2021R1I1A3044128"]}]},{"name":"National Research Foundation of Korea","award":["RS-2023-00219399"],"award-info":[{"award-number":["RS-2023-00219399"]}]}],"content-domain":{"domain":[],"crossmark-restriction":false},"short-container-title":["IJMS"],"abstract":"<jats:p>Acute lung injury (ALI) is a condition associated with acute respiratory failure, resulting in significant morbidity and mortality. It involves cellular changes such as disruption of the alveolar\u2013capillary membrane, excessive neutrophil migration, and release of inflammatory mediators. Broncho-Vaxom\u00ae (BV), a lyophilized product containing cell membrane components derived from eight bacteria commonly found in the respiratory tract, is known for its potential to reduce viral and bacterial lung infections. However, the specific effect of BV on ALI has not been clearly defined. This study explored the preventive effects of BV and its underlying mechanisms in a lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced ALI mouse model. Oral BV (1 mg\/kg) gavage was administered one hour before the intratracheal injection of LPS to evaluate its preventive effect on the ALI model. The pre-administration of BV significantly mitigates inflammatory parameters, including the production of inflammatory mediators, macrophage infiltration, and NF-\u03baB activation in lung tissue, and the increase in inflammatory cells in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid (BALF). Moreover, BV (3 \u03bcg\/mL) pretreatment reduced the expression of M1 macrophage markers, interleukins (IL-1\u03b2, IL-6), tumor necrosis factor \u03b1, and cyclooxygenase-2, which are activated by LPS, in both mouse alveolar macrophage MH-S cells and human macrophage THP-1 cells. These findings showed that BV exhibits anti-inflammatory effects by suppressing inflammatory mediators through the NF-\u03baB pathway, suggesting its potential to attenuate bronchial and pulmonary inflammation.<\/jats:p>","DOI":"10.3390\/ijms25137135","type":"journal-article","created":{"date-parts":[[2024,7,2]],"date-time":"2024-07-02T12:58:42Z","timestamp":1719925122000},"page":"7135","update-policy":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/mdpi_crossmark_policy","source":"Crossref","is-referenced-by-count":10,"title":["Broncho-Vaxom Attenuates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Inflammation in a Mouse Model of Acute Lung Injury"],"prefix":"10.3390","volume":"25","author":[{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0002-0357-9666","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Min-Seok","family":"Woo","sequence":"first","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Dang Long","family":"Cao","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"given":"Eun-Jin","family":"Kim","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0003-1015-1411","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Yi Yeong","family":"Jeong","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Allergy and Respiratory Medicine, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Gyeongsang National University Hospital, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]},{"ORCID":"https:\/\/orcid.org\/0000-0001-7402-7298","authenticated-orcid":false,"given":"Dawon","family":"Kang","sequence":"additional","affiliation":[{"name":"Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Institute of Medical Sciences, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"},{"name":"Department of Convergence Medical Science, Gyeongsang National University, Jinju 52727, Republic of Korea"}],"role":[{"vocabulary":"crossref","role":"author"}]}],"member":"1968","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"reference":[{"key":"ref_1","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"562","DOI":"10.1056\/NEJMra1608077","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome","volume":"377","author":"Thompson","year":"2017","journal-title":"N. Engl. J. Med."},{"key":"ref_2","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"698","DOI":"10.1001\/jama.2017.21907","article-title":"Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome: Advances in Diagnosis and Treatment","volume":"319","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_3","first-page":"2526","article-title":"Acute respiratory distress syndrome: The Berlin Definition","volume":"307","author":"Force","year":"2012","journal-title":"JAMA"},{"key":"ref_4","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-024-02678-5","article-title":"Signaling pathways and potential therapeutic targets in acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS)","volume":"25","author":"Huang","year":"2024","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_5","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"e13981","DOI":"10.1111\/ijcp.13981","article-title":"Efficacy and safety of OM-85 in paediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections which could have a possible protective effect on COVID-19 pandemic: A meta-analysis","volume":"75","author":"Cao","year":"2021","journal-title":"Int. J. Clin. Pract."},{"key":"ref_6","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"de Boer, G.M., Zolkiewicz, J., Strzelec, K.P., Ruszczynski, M., Hendriks, R.W., Braunstahl, G.J., Feleszko, W., and Tramper-Stranders, G.A. (2020). Bacterial lysate therapy for the prevention of wheezing episodes and asthma exacerbations: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur. Respir. Rev., 29.","DOI":"10.1183\/16000617.0175-2019"},{"key":"ref_7","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"364","DOI":"10.1016\/j.anai.2015.02.008","article-title":"Immunoregulatory and immunostimulatory responses of bacterial lysates in respiratory infections and asthma","volume":"114","author":"Kearney","year":"2015","journal-title":"Ann. Allergy Asthma Immunol."},{"key":"ref_8","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Fang, L., Zhou, L., Tamm, M., and Roth, M. (2021). OM-85 Broncho-Vaxom((R)), a Bacterial Lysate, Reduces SARS-CoV-2 Binding Proteins on Human Bronchial Epithelial Cells. Biomedicines, 9.","DOI":"10.3390\/biomedicines9111544"},{"key":"ref_9","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"198","DOI":"10.1016\/j.intimp.2017.10.032","article-title":"Broncho-Vaxom in pediatric recurrent respiratory tract infections: A systematic review and meta-analysis","volume":"54","author":"Yin","year":"2018","journal-title":"Int. Immunopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_10","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Suarez, N., Ferrara, F., Rial, A., Dee, V., and Chabalgoity, J.A. (2020). Bacterial Lysates as Immunotherapies for Respiratory Infections: Methods of Preparation. Front. Bioeng. Biotechnol., 8.","DOI":"10.3389\/fbioe.2020.00545"},{"key":"ref_11","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"687","DOI":"10.1007\/s00408-016-9880-5","article-title":"Clinical and Immunological Benefits of OM-85 Bacterial Lysate in Patients with Allergic Rhinitis, Asthma, and COPD and Recurrent Respiratory Infections","volume":"194","author":"Koatz","year":"2016","journal-title":"Lung"},{"key":"ref_12","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"63","DOI":"10.1016\/S0165-2478(00)00326-6","article-title":"A clinically approved oral vaccine against pneumotropic bacteria induces the terminal maturation of CD83+ immunostimulatory dendritic cells","volume":"76","author":"Ramoner","year":"2001","journal-title":"Immunol. Lett."},{"key":"ref_13","first-page":"209","article-title":"Th1-orientated immunological properties of the bacterial extract OM-85-BV","volume":"10","author":"Huber","year":"2005","journal-title":"Eur. J. Med. Res."},{"key":"ref_14","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"54","DOI":"10.1111\/j.1600-0609.1996.tb00294.x","article-title":"Radioprotective effects of combination broncho-vaxom, a macrophage activator, and indomethacin, an inhibitor of prostaglandin production: Relationship to myelopoiesis","volume":"56","author":"Fedorocko","year":"1996","journal-title":"Eur. J. Haematol."},{"key":"ref_15","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"90","DOI":"10.1159\/000195827","article-title":"Local immunity in patients with chronic bronchitis and the effects of a bacterial extract, Broncho-Vaxom, on T lymphocytes, macrophages, gamma-interferon and secretory immunoglobulin A in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and other variables","volume":"57","author":"Emmerich","year":"1990","journal-title":"Respiration"},{"key":"ref_16","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Allard, B., Panariti, A., and Martin, J.G. (2018). Alveolar Macrophages in the Resolution of Inflammation, Tissue Repair, and Tolerance to Infection. Front. Immunol., 9.","DOI":"10.3389\/fimmu.2018.01777"},{"key":"ref_17","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"50","DOI":"10.1186\/s12931-018-0756-5","article-title":"Regulation of alveolar macrophage death in acute lung inflammation","volume":"19","author":"Fan","year":"2018","journal-title":"Respir. Res."},{"key":"ref_18","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"31515","DOI":"10.1039\/C8RA04098B","article-title":"Alpinumisoflavone attenuates lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by regulating the effects of anti-oxidation and anti-inflammation both in vitro and in vivo","volume":"8","author":"Li","year":"2018","journal-title":"RSC Adv."},{"key":"ref_19","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"L665","DOI":"10.1152\/ajplung.00232.2013","article-title":"Novel concepts of acute lung injury and alveolar-capillary barrier dysfunction","volume":"305","author":"Herold","year":"2013","journal-title":"Am. J. Physiol. Lung Cell Mol. Physiol."},{"key":"ref_20","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"1737","DOI":"10.1007\/s12325-020-01279-0","article-title":"New Perspectives for Mucolytic, Anti-inflammatory and Adjunctive Therapy with 1,8-Cineole in COPD and Asthma: Review on the New Therapeutic Approach","volume":"37","author":"Juergens","year":"2020","journal-title":"Adv. Ther."},{"key":"ref_21","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Siregar, A.S., Nyiramana, M.M., Kim, E.J., Cho, S.B., Woo, M.S., Lee, D.K., Hong, S.G., Han, J., Kang, S.S., and Kim, D.R. (2021). Oyster-Derived Tyr-Ala (YA) Peptide Prevents Lipopolysaccharide\/D-Galactosamine-Induced Acute Liver Failure by Suppressing Inflammatory, Apoptotic, Ferroptotic, and Pyroptotic Signals. Mar. Drugs, 19.","DOI":"10.3390\/md19110614"},{"key":"ref_22","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Oeckinghaus, A., and Ghosh, S. (2009). The NF-kappaB family of transcription factors and its regulation. Cold Spring Harb. Perspect. Biol., 1.","DOI":"10.1101\/cshperspect.a000034"},{"key":"ref_23","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"7","DOI":"10.1172\/JCI11830","article-title":"NF-kappaB: A key role in inflammatory diseases","volume":"107","author":"Tak","year":"2001","journal-title":"J. Clin. Investig."},{"key":"ref_24","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Ryu, J.H., Woo, M.S., Cao, D.L., Kim, E.J., Jeong, Y.Y., Koh, E.H., Cho, K.M., Kang, S.S., and Kang, D. (2022). Fermented and Aged Ginseng Sprouts (Panax ginseng) and Their Main Component, Compound K, Alleviate Asthma Parameters in a Mouse Model of Allergic Asthma through Suppression of Inflammation, Apoptosis, ER Stress, and Ferroptosis. Antioxidants, 11.","DOI":"10.3390\/antiox11102052"},{"key":"ref_25","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Cheng, P., Li, S., and Chen, H. (2021). Macrophages in Lung Injury, Repair, and Fibrosis. Cells, 10.","DOI":"10.3390\/cells10020436"},{"key":"ref_26","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"117467","DOI":"10.1016\/j.jep.2023.117467","article-title":"Lianhua Qingwen protects LPS-induced acute lung injury by promoting M2 macrophage infiltration","volume":"320","author":"Li","year":"2024","journal-title":"J. Ethnopharmacol."},{"key":"ref_27","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"43844","DOI":"10.1038\/srep43844","article-title":"OM-85 is an immunomodulator of interferon-beta production and inflammasome activity","volume":"7","author":"Dang","year":"2017","journal-title":"Sci. Rep."},{"key":"ref_28","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"293","DOI":"10.1159\/000519699","article-title":"Innate Immune Training with Bacterial Extracts Enhances Lung Macrophage Recruitment to Protect from Betacoronavirus Infection","volume":"14","author":"Salzmann","year":"2022","journal-title":"J. Innate Immun."},{"key":"ref_29","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"2896","DOI":"10.4161\/hv.29784","article-title":"Bacterial lysates improve the protective antibody response against respiratory viruses through Toll-like receptor 4","volume":"10","author":"Coviello","year":"2014","journal-title":"Hum. Vaccin. Immunother."},{"key":"ref_30","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"30635","DOI":"10.18632\/oncotarget.25761","article-title":"Extracellular ATP is a danger signal activating P2X7 receptor in a LPS mediated inflammation (ARDS\/ALI)","volume":"9","author":"Cicko","year":"2018","journal-title":"Oncotarget"},{"key":"ref_31","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","first-page":"526","DOI":"10.1089\/jir.2013.0077","article-title":"OM85-BV induced the productions of IL-1beta, IL-6, and TNF-alpha via TLR4- and TLR2-mediated ERK1\/2\/NF-kappaB pathway in RAW264.7 cells","volume":"34","author":"Luan","year":"2014","journal-title":"J. Interferon Cytokine Res."},{"key":"ref_32","doi-asserted-by":"crossref","unstructured":"Khameneh, H.J., Bolis, M., Ventura, P., Cassanmagnago, G.A., Fischer, B.A., Zenobi, A., Guerra, J., Buzzago, I., Bernasconi, M., and Zaman, G.J.R. (2024). The bacterial lysate OM-85 engages Toll-like receptors 2 and 4 triggering an immunomodulatory gene signature in human myeloid cells. Mucosal. Immunol.","DOI":"10.1016\/j.mucimm.2024.02.010"}],"container-title":["International Journal of Molecular Sciences"],"original-title":[],"language":"en","link":[{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/7135\/pdf","content-type":"unspecified","content-version":"vor","intended-application":"similarity-checking"}],"deposited":{"date-parts":[[2025,10,10]],"date-time":"2025-10-10T15:07:09Z","timestamp":1760108829000},"score":1,"resource":{"primary":{"URL":"https:\/\/www.mdpi.com\/1422-0067\/25\/13\/7135"}},"subtitle":[],"short-title":[],"issued":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]},"references-count":32,"journal-issue":{"issue":"13","published-online":{"date-parts":[[2024,7]]}},"alternative-id":["ijms25137135"],"URL":"https:\/\/doi.org\/10.3390\/ijms25137135","relation":{},"ISSN":["1422-0067"],"issn-type":[{"value":"1422-0067","type":"electronic"}],"subject":[],"published":{"date-parts":[[2024,6,28]]}}}